^ ^c 



ILLUSTRATED 
HISTORICAL GUIDE. 




'*i.fe-='£« 



GETTYSBURG: 



WHAT TO SEE, AND HOW TO SEE IT. 



EMBODYING FULL INFORMATION FOR VISITING THE FIELD 



BSAUTI7TTLLT KMBKLLI8HKD WITH WOOD-CUTS. 



^VITH COMPLETE INDEX. 



OLUTBTRATKD BT Viii IBOMKTRICAL DRAWING OF THE GKTTTBBtTKO BATTLB-FIRIiD 
BBOWIKO THK POblTlOM OF EVERT KKODIABMr AND HATmV.Y OF BOTH ABMIKS. 



JOHN B. BACHELDER, 

AUTHOR OF THK ISOMETRICAl^ DRAWING OF THE r.KTTTSBURG BATTI,K-]'Il;i,I>, DESCRIPTIVE KEY TO 
FAINTING OF LONG.STREKT'S ASSAULT AT GKTTVSltUliG. HISToUICAI, DESIGNER OF THE 
PAINTINGS OF THE BATTLE OE GETTVSllUlvG, DESIGNER OF THE HISTORICAL 
PAINTING OF THE LAST HOCRS OF LINCOLN, AND THE GOVERN- 
MENT HISTORIAN OF THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG. 



TENTH EDJ'fiON. 



BOSTON: 

joh:n b. bacheldek, publisher, 

131 Tkemont Street. 

1 8 9 0. 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, by 

John B. Bachelder, 
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



Press of 
S. J. PARKHILL & CO., 

Boston. 



PREFACE TO THE NINTH EDITION. 



At the time the battle of Gettysburg was fought, the 
lines of battle ran across the country regardless of 
roads, and often led through unfrequented localities, 
which were nearly inaccessible to the visitor until the 
Battle-field Memorial Association opened new driveways 
to them. Hence in time the new and the old would 
have become confounded. Fortunately, the author 
commenced a careful isometrical sketch of the field at 
once and completed it, and published his Isometrical 
Drawing before any changes in the topography had 
been made — before new roads were built, or houses 
erected. Hence, when subsequent improvements be- 
come old, and questions arise, all will turn to the 
Isometrical Drawing to settle them ; and thus its 
value will increase year by year. 

This drawing also serves the purpose of indicating 
just where each command was in position on each day, 
which is plainly shown by the Index ; and those com- 
mands that have monuments at Gettysburg are marked 

with a star. 

THE AUTHOR. 



CONTENTS, 



PAGE 

Routes to Gettysburg 4 

Civil History 6 

The Battle-field 9 

The Com pass- Face Guide 14 

Visiting the Field 15 

Where and how shall I go ? 17 

Preparation for the Excursion 18 

Historical Reflections 19 

How TO SEE the Field properly 21 

The Grand Tactics 24 

From East Cemetery Hill 2G 

Map Showing Positions of Troops 27 

Hooker's Army crossing the Potomac 29 

The Night before the Battle 31 

Position of Union Troops 32 

Position of Confederate Troops 34 

First Day's Battle 36 

Theological Seminary 37 

The Union Troops 38 

Confederate Advance 39 

Union Army^ 40 

^Visit to the Field 43 

The First Union Gun 45 

Oak Hill 48 

Second Day's Battle . _ 58 

Wheat-field 61 

Devil's Den 63 

Round Top 64-91 

Little Round Top 65 

Second Day's Battle on the Left ,66 

V 



VI CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

ENGACrEMKNT ON CuLP's HlLL 72 

Powers Hill 73 

Wolf Hili 73 

Gulp's Hili 73 

Rock Creek 76 

East Cemetery Hill 78 

Third Day's Battle 87 

Posting the Artillery 88 

Gregg's and Stuart's Cavalry Field 89-98 

Visiting the Third Day-^'s Field 90 

The Union Left Flank 91 

" Copse of Trees " 93 

Repulse of Longstreet's Assault 94 

National Cemetery 97 

Short General Tour of the Field 100 

Carriage Drives 102 

Seminary Ridge 104 

McPherson's Ridge 105 

Herr's Ridge 100 

Marsh Creek 107 

Bream's Tavern Ill 

Bream's Mill 112 

Springs Hotel — Cupola 113 

Springs Hotel — Veranda 115 

The Soldiers' National Cemetery . . ; IIG 

The National Monument 121 

The Reynolds Statue 124 

The Battle-field Memorial Association 127 

Objects of the Association 132 

Battle Monuments 133 

isometrical drawing 133 

INDEX 139 



GETTYSBURG. 



O Time ! thou beautifier of the dead, — 
Adorner of the ruin, — comforter 

And only healer when the heart hath bled, — 
Time ! the corrector when our judgments err, 
The test of truth, love, — sole philosopher ! — BTROfi, 



HE fanciful Theogony of the an- 
cient Greeks, if our recollection 
is not at fault, furnished no god 
to represent Time. Night, Day, 
Sleep, Dreams, Woe, Discord, Youth, 
Old Age, had their representative 
deities, but Time, the most won- 
derful and powerful of all agenoies 
in the world, seemed to defy poetic 
ingenuity. We are not without classi- 
cal symbols, however, to represent the 
eternal builder and destroyer. The 
winged, bald, and beard-flowing figure, 

with scythe and hour-glass, has' admonished the race 
1 




2 GETTYSBURG. 

— " Tempus fugit " — of the flight of Time for ages ; 
of the changes, constant and inevitable, occurring in 
all things of earth. Of all these infinite risings, 
buildings, and crumblings, but few are saved from 
utter oblivion. Things vast, marvelous, and signally 
distinguished, are rescued from the general wreck, 
and preserved for the continued study and teaching 
of our race. All else is utterly forgotten and lost. 
Men seek out these, travelling from remote regions 
to gaze, and to learn the stories they teach; and the 
historian makes the record which preserves the les- 
son and points its moral. None of the great events 
which distinguish epochs in history, fix such in- 
delible fame upon localities as do mighty battles. 
The renown which ever gives lustre to some signal 
victory, passes into perpetual story, and is read with 
increased interest by succeeding generations. No 
tourist considers his study of countries complete un- 
less the famous fields of historical battles, near 
which he may be, are visited and studied. 

The Battle of Gettysburg — equal in magnitude, 
in gallantry and desperation of the combatants, m 
human slaughter, and in the vast interests which 
hung upon the issue, to any recorded in history 

— has brought the name of Gettysburg from rural 
obscurity, to world-wide celebrity. The traveller 
now studies the towering eminences, the rocky ra« 



MEMORIES OF THE BATTLE. S 

vines, the woody coverts, the open fields, the mean- 
dering waters, and all the vast region over which de- 
struction and death held carnival for three long days, 
with an intensity of interest which the simple charms 
of nature never would have aroused. And thus it 
will continue to be for centuries to come. Hither 
came hostile armies, from States far remote, to de- 
stroy and subdue ; and here, too, came the patriotic 
soldiers of the Union, to defend the soil and to pre- 
serve our government. Here, those who should have 
met in concord and peace stood in desperate and 
deadly struggle, drenching the land and the waters 
with human gore, and covering the whole battle-field 
with the wounded and the dead. There are per- 
sons who talk of forgetting that field of slaughter. 
But will those who fought that day forget it ? Will 
those who had lost, or those who had won, when the 
bugles sounded their closing blasts over the third 
day's fight at Gettysburg, forget that hour ? Those 
who were in the calm of home peace, when the billows 
of Longstreet's fearful charge broke in wild disorder 
and defeat, may think it very pretty sentimentalism 
to talk about forgetting that supreme moment ; but 
the brave men who marched in that great column, 
and the gallant soldiers of the Union who met and 
overwhelmed it, can now sit upon the spot in ami- 
cable cordiality, and remember all about it And it is 



GETTYSBURG. 



here, more than upon any other of the great battle- 
fields of that terrible war, that the veterans of the 
Army of the Potomac and the veterans of the Army 
of Northern Virginia will meet to interchange gener- 
ous courtesies with their old adversaries in the long 
years to come ; for out from the ground where 
carnage and death swept their tens of thousands to 
wounds and the grave, there gushes healing water, 
said to possess wonderful virtues, to which the feeble 
the sick, and the weary resort for strength and rest. 
And thus, as the great multitude hasten to Gettys- 
burg for health or pleasure, the renowned battle-field 
will come to be as much a part of their aims as it 
would be if it was the plunging Niagara instead of 
the murmuring stream, whose fame had captivated 
them. 

ROUTES TO GETTYSBURG. 

There are but two railroads leading into Gettys- 
burg :. the Western Maryland, and the Gettysburg and 
Harrisburg. The Western Maryland, leaving Balti- 
more, branches from Emory Grove to Hanover, where, 
uniting with the branch from Hanover Junction, the 
two continue to Gettysburg. The Frederick Division 
of the Pennsylvania road, crossing from Columbia and 
York to Frederick, intersects the Western Maryland at 
Hanover. From Gettysburg the Western Maryland 
continues through Fairfield to Blue Mountain. 



ROUTES. 5 

The Gettysburg and Harrisburg Railroad connects 
with the Cumberland Valley Road at Carlisle. This 
has opened up a new approach from the North, West, 
and South -West, and also makes a successful bid for 
eastern travel vid. Philadelphia, Lancaster, and Harris- 
burg. Passengers from Baltimore, Washington, and 
the South, go by through-car from Baltimore viO West- 
ern Maryland, Hanover and Gettysburg Railroads : 
Philadelphia and Eastern passengers can go vici Phila- 
delphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore (by Washington 
train), and thence to Gettysburg as above ; or vid Phila- 
delphia, Lancaster, York, and Hanover ; or vid Philadel- 
])hia, Lancaster, Harrisburg, and Carlisle, to Gettysburg. 
The time of arrival, and price of tickets, are about the 
same by either line. Excursion tickets may frequently 
be purchased at reduced rates, and tourists are advised 
to consult the Travellers' Official Guide or tlie 
Travellers' Ready Reference Guide of the current 
month for time-tables. 

Round Top Branch. 

The Round Top Branch is a continuation of the Get- 
tysburg and Harrisburg Railroad (see map), Avhich, run- 
ning between the town and the seminary, crosses the 
Emmittsburg Road above Cordori's house, thence across 
Cemetery Ridge diagonally to the rear of Little 
Round Top. A " dummy " engine affords frequent 
facilities for visiting the field. 



GETTYSBURC; 



CIVIL HISTORY. 



Until the 19th of May, 1729, the territory of 
Gettysburg was embraced in Chester County; the 
three original counties of the State being Philadel- 
phia, Bucks, and Chester. Lancaster County, which 
included the territory of Gettysburg, was formed at 
that date ; and the 19th of August, 1749, the county 
of York was created, which embraced the territory 
west of the Susquehanna River to the top of the South 
Mountain, and south to the Maryland line. From the 
western part of York a new county was formed on the 
22d of January, 1800, called Adams, of which Gettys- 
burg is the county seat. Its products are almost 
entirely agricultural. The southern boundary line of 
Adams, embraced in the line between Pennsylvania 
and Maryland, was surveyed in the years 1767-68, by 
Mason and Dixon, commissioned by the British crown 
to settle the disputed line between the proprietors of 
Pennsylvania and Maryland. The nearest point is 
seven miles south of Gettysburg. 

Near the year 1780, James Gettys, a Presbyterian of 
Scotch-Irish descent, settled on a tract of about one 
hundred and sixteen acres of land belontji-ino^ to the 
Penn family. It was in the " Mask Manor," * being one 
of the manors given by the General Assembly of Penn- 

* In the original Penn deeds this was written Masque. 



CIVIL HISTORY. 7 

jylvania, after the Revolution, to the heirs of William 
Penn. 

On the 10th of January, 1786, James Gettys had a 
plot marie of the town, and gave it the name it now 
bears. 

He made a lottery of the town lots, and in the deeds 
they were all conveyed, subject to a ground-rent of 
seven shillings sixpence annually, to be paid to the 
proprietor, and his heirs or assigns. 

When the county was created, a contest arose be- 
tween Gettysburg and two other places for the county 
seat, and to secure it here, James Gettys conveyed to 
the commissioners nearly all of the ground-rents, which 
the county still holds and annually collects. 

The first court was held by Hon. John Joseph 
Henry, in the winter of 1800-1, in the dwelling-house 
of James Gettys, still standing in the rear of Mc- . 
Clellan's Hotel. A court-house was afterward built 
in tlie "square," which remamed until 1857, when the 
present court-house was completed and the old one 
removed. 

For nearly twenty-five years, Thaddeus Stevens was 
a citizen of Gettysburg. He read law in York while 
teaching ; was admitted to practice November 14, 
1816, and removed im.mediately to Gettysburg. In 
1840 he changed his residence to Lancaster. While in 
Gettysburg he was one of its most active and efficien:. 



B GETTYSBURG. 

citizens. He was a zealous advocate of education, and 
tnay justly be called the father of the present common 
school system in this State ;' having formed and pro- 
cured the passage of the act, one of the greatest works 
of his life, while representing the county in the State 
Legislature. He also procured the charter and founded 
" Pennsylvania College," located at Gettysburg. This 
will be noticed hereafter, as will the Theological Semi- 
nary also located here. 

The town of Gettysburg was created into a borough 
in 1806. It is regularly laid out, the streets crossing 
each otlier at right angles, according to the four cardi- 
nal points of the compass. It is the centre of eleven 
different roads, which radiate from it like the spokes of 
a wheel from a common centre, which rendered this 
locality one of peculiar significance as a military 
strategic point. The turnpikes leading from Pitts- 
burg to Philadelphia and Baltimore, once important 
thoroughfares, bifurcate at Gettysburg. In 1858, a 
railroad was finished from Hanover to Gettysburg, 
which is the present terminus, in continuation of 
the Hanover Branch Railroad, which intersects the 
Northern Central at Hanover Junction, thirty miles 
distant from Gettysburg. The population of the 
borough is about 3,200, the county numbers 35,000. 

1 Many will consider it a singular coincidence that the battle to decida 
the fate of human liberty should have been fought on land partly owned 
by Thaddius Stevens, the great champion of freedom. 



THE BATTLE-FIELD. 



THE BATTLE-FIELD. 



The battle-field of Gettysburg is a general term, 
embracing the village of Gettysburg and that portion 
of the surrounding country occupied by the contend- 
ing armies during the battle. The infantry opera- 
tions covering about twenty-five square miles, are 
embraced in the accompanying Isometrical Plan ofj 
the field. Much of the cavalry fighting was done 
outside of these limits. The country is generally 
open, and the surface rolling, though deep forests, 
high hills, and rocky ravines are not unfrequent. 
The geological formation, in this section of the coun- 
try, consists of a succession of undulations, commen- 
cing with the Blue Ridge, eight or ten miles away in 
the western horizon, and running generally parallel 
with it, in a northerly and southerly direction. 

The next of importance, east of the South Moun- 
tain, as affects the history of the battle, is Seminary 
Ridge, on which is situated the Lutheran Theological 
Seminary, in the western suburbs of the town. Pre- 
vious to the battle this was called Oak Ridge, a local 
name unknown to the soldiers who fought there. 
But in their camp-fire recital of the details of the 
fearful contest around this building, and in the home 
letters written immediately after, they naturally called 
it Seminaiy Ridge. This name, christened with fire 



10 GETTYSBURG. 

and baptized in blood, will be retained so long as 
Gettysburg is known as a battle-field. 

Seminary Ridge extends for several miles, and is 
crossed by all the roads which diverge from Gettys- 
burg toward the west, southwest, and northwest. 
That portion extending north from the Mummasburg 
road was occupied by EwelVs^ corps, and for conven- 
ience sake I shall retain for it the name of Oak Hill. 
As a defensive military position, this ridge possesses 
great advantages. It was held, from the first night 
of the battle, by the Confederate army, and heavy 
field-works were constructed along its crest on the 
nights of the 3d and 4th. From Oak Hill, b-i4,2 to 
its intersection with the Emmittsburg road, 0-2, every 
available position was held by artillery. The alti- 
tude of Seminary Ridge is not as great as Cemetery 
Hill, E-12, and Ridge, occupied by Union artillery; 
but its extended position, admitting of a converging 
fire upon any desired locality, more than balanced 
this defect. There are also several ridges between 
Seminary Ridge and the South Mountains, whi^h will 
be alluded to hereafter. 

Cemetery Ridge is the next of importance toward 
the east. During the great convulsion, coeval with 

1 Names of officers of the Confederate array printed in " Italics" Cnioo 
officers in Small Capitals. 
' References to Isometrical Drawing. 



SE^nNARY AND CEIklETERY RIDGES. 11 

fche birth of contin(3nts, the mighty Power by which 
this confioruration was moulded seems to have been 
more capricious in the formation of Cemetery Ridge 
than with its neighbors. This is marked by three 
distinct elevations, standing out in clear relief, like 
bastions on a rampart. Round Top, f, g-i, its ex- 
treme southern terminus, is seven eighths of a mile 
east from Seminary Ridge, and rises directly from 
the plains beyond, its wooded crest towering high 
above the surrounding country. From its northern 
face a bold shoulder protrudes, separated from the 
parent mount by a gentle depression, heavily wooded. 
This latter hUl was nameless prior to the battle, but 
has since been known as Little Round Top, f-s 
(marked " Weed's Hill " on my plan, in honor of the 
officer who died in its defense). The western side 
was denuded of timber the year before, which added 
materially to its advantages as an artillery position.* 
Returning from Little Round Top towards the larger 
hiD is a rough, stony ridge, which I have called 
" Vincent's Spur." It was here the gallant officer 
bearing that name fell on the second day of the 
Dattle. 

Plumb Run, a small and unimportant stream, flows 

1 It is to be hoped that the bushes of ten years' growth will again be cut 
away, as tbey materially change the character of this part of the field, 
and almost completely obscure the magnificent view formerly had fix»m iti 
ffommit. 



12 GETTYSBURG. 

along the western base of these hills, and drains a 
marshy swale in front of Little Round Top. West 
of this is a stony, precipitous undulation called 
Houck's Ridge, p-2, 3, along which the Third corps line 
of battle ran on July 2. The evidences are, that, 
by some mighty convulsion of nature, this ridge waa 
rent asunder at its intersection with the base of 
Round Top, thereby draining an extensive body of 
water in front of Little Round Top. The gorge thus 
produced is called the Devil's Den, f-2, and presents a 
scene of the wildest character. Huge syenitic bould- 
ers are crowded into this narrow ravine, through 
which struggle the waters of Plumb Run ; while 
yawning chasms suggest to the visitor the haunts of 
the lurking sharp-shooters, who occupied them during 
the battle. 

From Little Round Top the ridge, depressed, yet 
well defined, rises gradually in its northern course 
to Cemetery Hill, where, obstructed by some unseen 
cause, it was hurled ruthlessly back to the east, and 
in convulsive throbs expended its force in the forma- 
tion of Gulp's Hill ; thus leaving a broad, extensive 
basin, northward from the Cemetery Hill, in which, 
upon a gentle elevation, is situated the village of Get- 
tysburg. Gulp's Hill, like Round Top, rests upon a 
foimdation of syenite. It is irregular in shape, quite 
precipitous on its eastern face, and generally covered 



GULP'S, WOLF, BENNER'S, AND HOSPITAL HILLS. 13 

with a heavy open growth of hardy timber. Rock 
Creek separates it on the east from Wolf Hill. This, 
like the last, is wooded, but exceedingly rough, and 
formed the eastern boundary of the infantry opera- 
tions. Rock Creek meanders its course in a gyn^raJ 
southerly direction, among enormous boulders and 
through gentle fields, until it unites with Marsh 
Creek, a few miles south of Gettysburg, to form the 
Monocacy. 

A half mile north east from Culp's Hill, on the 
opposite side of Rock Creek, and a half mile east 
from town, another elevation commences, called Ben- 
ner's Hill, e-i7. This ridge continues several miles in 
N.N.E. direction. Its highest summit is called Hospi- 
tal Hni, where a general hospital was located soon after 
the battle, o-is. Benner's Hill was occupied by Confed- 
erate artillery. Turning back again to the south 
side of the field, we find an undulation intermediate 
between Cemetery and Seminary Ridges, yet parallel 
with neither. It shoots off" from Cemetery Hill, 
and, leading diagonally across the valley, intersects 
with Seminary Ridge at a distance of nearly three 
miles. The Emmettsburg road is laid along this 
ridge, e-m. The historic Peach and Apple orchards are 
here, E-5, E-7, and on it General Sickles formed his line 
of battle on the second day. The foregoing constitute 
the grand topographical features of the battle-field. 



14 GETTYSBURG. 

These are again subdivided into minor irregularities, 
each bearing upon the general result of the battle ; 
but it will be impossible to describe them in a book 
of this size. 

^SS-FAC^ 




ii. IJACllli'-' 



TYIE COMPASS- FACE GUIDE. 

I have incorporated into this volume two features 
entirely new, that I may make it so thorough a Guide 
Book that any stranger, without other than these 
directions in his hands, can explore, and clearly com 
prebend all the important localities and niovementu 
of the battle. First, I have devised and secured the 
above Compass-Face Guide, which will be inserted here- 
after in connection with descriptions of prominent lo- 
calities. By carefully consulting this, as the reader 
finds it presented from time to time, he will be 
at no loss in pursuing his studies. For example — 
if, standing upon East Cemetery Hill, you turn that 



COMPASS-FACE GUIDE. — ISOMETRICAL PLAN. 15 

point of the Compass-Face Guide marked Theological 
Seminary towards that object, then the National 
Monument, Gulp's Hill, and all other places named 
on the diagram will point directly towards the reai 
objects ; and the result will be the same at every 
place where it is presented, if you turn the name of any 
one known locality towards the object itself 

For the further convenience, of the reader I have in- 
troduced the IsoMETRiCAL Plan of the battle-field ; 
which I have caused to be laid off in squares, lettered 
on the sides and numbered at top and bottom. To lo- 
cate any object it is only necessary to name the letter 
and number of the square it is in. Thus — Round Top, 
G-i, or Herr's Tavern, a-h. In space g, and column i. 
Round Top will be found, and Herr's Tavern in space a. 
column II In addition to this, that the reader may 
understand readily to which army an officer belonged, 
I have caused the names of each to be set in a distinct 
type, the Union officers in small capitals ; th^ 
Confederate in italics. 

VISITING THE FIELD. 

If the visitor to Gettysburg intends to remain dur- 
mg the season, and the many charming retreats in the 
vicinity will prove a strong temptation to do so, he 
will at his leisure visit the entire field and study it in 
all its details ; but to many economy in time will be 
an important desideratum. 



16 GETTYSBURG. 

The battle will be much better comprehended if we 
commence with the theatre of the first day's engage- 
ment; study the various approaches, and carry 
in mind the succeeding movements of the two armies. 
To do this satisfactorily, requires considerable time ; 
as some localities were fought over repeatedly, and 
on different days. If you would avoid confounding 
the movements in the mind, several visits must be 
made. But the time which can be devoted to this will 
govern the investigations of the visitor. Some will 
give it one general examination, relying on memory to 
retain the details ; and at their leisure separate and ar- 
range them. Others will examine the salient points 
only ; from which commanding views may be had — 
thus connecting the intervals by the eye, with perhaps 
a more careful study of particular localities. The great 
magnitude of the field of battle is generally the first 
surprise to the visitor at Gettysburg It often hap- 
pens that the stranger, after registering his name at 
the hotel, turns innocently to the clerk and asks him 
to point out, or direct him to the field in which the 
battle was fought. Judge his astonishment, when he 
learns that not only every field but every forest, hill, 
and dale, and even the town of Gettysburg itself, were 
embraced in the mighty struggle. He gazes upon this 
vast domain with wonder; and disappointment often 
takes the place of pleasant anticipations. For how i;?' it 



VISITING THE FIELD. I7 

possible to master, unaided, the details of a battle so ex- 
tensive and so complicated ? It is to assist the visitor 
in this emergency that this volume has been prepared. 

WHERE AND HOW SHALL I GO ? 

Wm be the first question. Unquestionably the plea^ 
antest and best way for those accustomed to the ex- 
ereise, is to secure a saddle horse, as very many places 
can thus be examined which would never be visited 
with a carriage. If you have ever ridden on horse- 
back this will be an excellent occasion to continue the 
practice ; nor should those but little accustomed to 
this exercise be deterred from the attempt. There is 
no necessity for fast riding, indeed it is not expected, 
and the most fimid should not hesitate. The Round 
Top Branch Railroad leads through an important 
portion of the battle-field. Many interesting points can 
be visited by public conveyance, with a little occasional 
walknrg. The Theological Seminary is reached from 
either hotel by a short walk, and on its cupola an hour 
may be profitably and pleasantly spent. The National 
Cemetery, East Cemetery Hill, Gulp's Hill, Oak Hill, 
and other points of interest, are in the suburbs of the 
town. Around each, centres a train of historic events ; 
and it is much better, if you have the time to spare, to 
examine them in a leisurely way. 

The visitor who neither rides on horseback, nor cares 



18 GETTYSBURG. 

to walk, can always be accommodated with a carriagCj 
in which the more prominent places can be readily 
visited, and studied. 

PREPARATION FOR THE EXCURSION. 

Nothing conduces so much to the pleasure of the ex- 
cursionist, as a proper outfit, nor is this at all difficult, 
if a little precaution is taken in advance. First of ah 
be well shod ; not with new, but strong, well-fitting 
boots. Remember that some of the fiercest encount- 
ers occurred in the wildest spots, and to visit these 
rough, craggy ledges must be scaled, or damp ravines 
crossed. To leave the field without an examination of 
these points might materially detract from the pleasure 
of some, who had come a long distance for this pur- 
pose. The same is true, to a great extent, with other 
articles of clothing. If the visitor would thoroughly 
understand the whole battle, high hills must be climbed, 
and forests traversed ; and the fatigues of the jaunt 
should be compensated in the intervals by freedom and 
unrestraint. ' 

The cool, grassy knolls in spring-time ; the moss- 
covered banks in summer ; and thick beds of leaves in 
autumn, present tempting resting-places for the weary 
traveller ; which, for pleasure's sake, we cannot afford 
to pass unheeded by. It is the little things which 
make the pleasant whole. The writer well remembers 



HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS.' 19 

visiting the battle-field some years since with a party 
of Philadelphians, who, after a ride of several hours, 
concluded the excursion by the ascent of Round Top. 
It was a beautiful November day ; the morning bright 
and inviting ; the noon-day warm and sunny but a? 
the shadows of evening lengthened the wind veeied to 
the east, and soon the air filled with frozen sleet. For 
tunately, a long shawl had been placed under the seat ; 
with this a covering was improvised for the entire 
party, and, crowded into a large, open wagon, they re- 
turned to town in supreme comfort. An extra wrap 
in the carriage, at any season of the year, vrill give 
little trouble, and may add materially to your comfort ; 
particularly as the points from which the best pan- 
oramic views are to be had are difficult of access, 
and the exertion required to reach them, coupled 
with the desire to remain when there, renders this 
precaution necessary, and in this connection I will 
add, that a field, or opera glass, and pocket compass 
will prove great auxiliaries to your pleasure. 

HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS. 

It will be difficult for the tourist to realize, in after 
years, that these picturesque streams, charming val- 
leys, broad fields, and towering heights, were once 
the theatre of a great and mighty battle. Indeed, 
to-day, but the ninth anniversary of that fearful strug 



20 GETTYSBURG. 

gle. hundreds of acres, where thousands of men fought 
valiantly, are passed unheeded by — the gallant deeds 
there enacted, unknown ; their history lost, save when 
a soldier from afar returns to see the spot where some 
hero fell, — 

" His breast with wounds unnumbered riven, 
His back to earth, his face to heaven." 

It is the desire of the writer, as quickly as pos- 
sible, to chronicle on the pages of history the exact 
record of every feature of this great battle. But 
the information gathered from interviews with thou- 
sands of Confederate officers and soldiers while with 
them for months in hospital, consultations at the front 
with the officers of every regiment and battery of the 
Army of the Potomac; visits to Gettysburg with 
over one thousand commissioned officers, participants 
m the battle, forty-six of them generals in command ; 
a careful study of the full reports of the Army of 
the Potomac and the Army of Northern Virginia, has 
aflbrded a fund of material too voluminous to be 
introduced into a book of this size. In the present 
volume, only the grand movements of the battle can 
be given. 



HOW TO SEE THE FIELD PROPERLY. 21 

now TO SEE THE FIELD PROPERLY. 

When the tourist arrives at Gettysburg, he will be 
naturally anxious to see what he can of the field 
during the time at his disposal, and to learn all that 
he can regarding the great battle which was fought 
upon it. 

If he comes unprepared by previous study or knowl- 
edge, he will be encountered by a serious difficulty at 
the outset. So many and so radical changes have 
been made on the ground during the past few years, 
that it will be almost impossible for him to obtain a 
clear and accurate idea of the original plan of the 
battle-field. Even the veteran who fought over it, 
and who has carried the picture of it in his memory 
for years, will be confused at the sight of unfamiliar 
paths and avenues ; with the multitude of monuments 
which dot the landscape ; with the smooth lawns and 
luxuriant growth of foliage and flowers, where once 
the scant grass hardly covered the sterile soil. 

Fortunately, the Isometrical Plan with which this 
volume is illustrated was commenced immediately after 
the battle, while the dead lay still unburied, and was 
completed within eighty-four days. And it represents 
the battle-field — the roads, the forests, the hills, the 
valleys, and the general topography of the field — as 
it was at the time of the battle. 

The body of this volume has substantially the same 



22 GETTYSBURG. 

advantages. When the first edition was compiled, 
no material chaHges had been ijiade on the field. 
The Battle-field Memorial Association had not even 
contemplated the construction of avenues ; and the 
descriptions given assumed a condition of things as 
they existed at the time of the battle. But many 
localities where the most desperate encounters took 
place were then inaccessible except to pedestrians. 
In nine cases out of ten the place where each soldier 
fought is the place more interesting to him than all 
the twenty-five square miles beside, — and, as each 
year the veterans are less able to visit these spots 
on foot, the Battle-field Memorial Association, after 
due consideration, determined to make such changes 
and improvements in the grounds as would not only 
locate exactly the various regiments on the Union 
side which took part in the battle, but would make 
the access to these localities as easy and convenient 
as possible. The plan decided upon was the purchase 
of strips of land, varying from sixty feet to three 
hundred feet in width, embracing the different lines 
of battle. This was carried out, and avenues, properly 
named, have been constructed their entire length. 
On these avenues the position of each command is 
being marked by monuments, varying in cost from 
$oOO to $10,000 each. 

The flanks of each command are also marked by 
tablets, the whole indicating the precise place where 



HOW TO SEE THE FIELD PROPERLY. 23 

the lines of battle stood ; while separate markers 
indicate the localities of detached engagements. Now 
the soldier can ride to nearly every Union position 
on the field. But, as the new avenues are lined with 
wire fence, the visitor will understand at a glance that 
they are of recent construction. 

Originally, this book described scenes which could 
only be reached by the roads which existed at the 
time of the battle ; to-day, the visitor uses the avenues 
herein described, in connection with the regular coun- 
try roads. To adapt the l)Ook to the wants of the 
day, this revision of the text has been made. 

It is of the utmost importance that the tourist and 
student of history should bear always in mind which 
of the driveways existed at the time of the battle, 
and those which have been constructed since. 

The distinction will be readily observed, however, 
as the roads retain their original names (generally the 
same as the towns to which they lead) and the avenues, 
which are named after general officers, are designated 
by guide-boards. If they are enclosed, wire fence is 
used in place of the rail fence common to the vicinity. 
In order to give the -reader the full benefit of the 
IsoMETRicAL Dkawing which accompanies the book, 
constant allusion will be made to it in the text. 

If the stay of the tourist is to be brief, and if 
his chief desire is simply to say he has visited Gettys- 
burg, he may as well surrender himself to the general 



24 GETTYSBURG. 

direction of the hack-driver, and go where the fancy 
of that individual may choose to take him. But there 
are those who will visit Gettysburg for a different 
purpose, those whose desire will l)e to acquire a 
thorough knowledge of the battle ; and to such it IkS 
of the utmost importance that they commence their 
examination of the field where the battle commenced, 
and study the subject systematically. Tt will take but 
a little longer time to visit the field properly than 
it would to go over it backwards ; and the result 
will be infinitely more satisfactory. And if you are 
advised to the contrary by your driver, always remem- 
ber that Ids interests and yours are entirely different. 
It will take at least two days to get anything like a 
fair idea of the battle. 

THE GRAND TACTICS. 

The movements of the campaign which preceded 
the battle of Gettysburg began on June 2d, 1863, 
on which day General Lee commenced the withdrawal 
of the Army of Northern Virginia from Fredericks- 
burg. Fredericksburg lies on the south bank of the 
Rappahannock, and is one hundred and sixty miles 
south of Gettysburg. The headquarters of the Army 
of the Potomac v/ere at Falmouth, on the north bank 
of the Rappahannock, and opposite Fredericksburg. 
. General Lee, despairing of success should he attempt 
an attack on his adversary in his strong position at 



THE GRAND TACTICS. 25 

Falmouth, drew his army directly back from Fred- 
ericksburg and the river, through Culpeper, and soon 
placed the Blue Ridge between the two armies, which 
concealed the movements of each from the other. As 
soon as General Hooker, Commander-in-chief of the 
Union army, became satisfied that General Lee had 
really withdrawn the Army of Northern Virginia from 
Fredericksburg, evidently with the intention of advan- 
cing on Washington, or invading Pennsylvania, he too 
moved his command northward ; and during the month 
which followed, the movements of these two great 
armies as they advanced into PennsylMania were 
screened by the mountains of the Blue Ridge ; in the 
gaps of which a series of desperate skirmishes and 
fierce encounters occurred as the advance guard of 
one or the other army sought to detect the move- 
ments of its adversary. The result of battles, like that 
in a game of chess, is governed largely by position. 
The battle is not always to the strong, but to the 
skilful. The first day's battle of Gettysburg depended 
in its results more upon strategy and position than 
upon hard fighting. 

To acquire a proper understanding of how the 
battle was fought, and of the various influences which 
brought about the result, it is important that the 
visitor to the field, or student of the battle, should 
give such attention to the grand tactics which preceded 
it as will thoroughly familiarize him with the move- 



26 GETTYSBURG. 

merits of individual columns as they concentrated at 
the village of Gettysburg. These movements had a 
most decided e:ffect on the first day's battle ; and in 
no way can this be more easily or more successfully 
explained than by driving at once to East Cemetery 
Hill, from whose commanding summit a fine view of 
the surrounding country may be had. The accompany- 
ing map of the vicinity will aid those who have not 
the opportunity of visiting this locality. In the first 
edition of this volume, which was published ten years 
ago, the visitor was advised to go to Cemetery Hill. 
At the time of the battle, that portion of the hill 
lying west of the village cemetery, E-12, 13, was an open 
field, and commanded an unobstructed view of the 
surrounding. country. To-day the National Cemetery 
on Cemetery Hill is covered with a heavy growth of 
ornamental trees, which completely shuts oft' the 
view. 

FROM EAST CEMETERY HILL. 

Having reached East Cemetery Hill, E-13, and learned 
the points of compass, the visitor should face the 
south, and familiarize himself with the fact that 
Fredericksburg and Falmouth, from which places the 
two armies marched early in June, lie one hundred 
and sixty miles due south. 

Turning towards the west, the South Mountain, a 
continuation of the Blue Ridge, forms a grand and 



28 GETTYSBURG. 

imposing feature in the landscape. It is easy to 
imascine how this bold barrier screened the move- 
ments of the two opposing armies, as they marched 
towards Gettysburg, one on the west and tlie other 
on the east of that mountain range. On the 24th 
of June, EicelVs corps having reached Chambersburg 
(twenty-five miles west of Gettysburg), m route for 
Carlisle, General Early was ordered (on the 25th) to 
" cross the South Mountain to Gettysburg, proceed to 
York (twenty-eight miles east of Gettysburg), cut the 
Northern Central Railroad, running from Baltimore to 
Harrisburg, to destroy the bridge across the Susque- 
hanna at Wrights ville and Columbia (thirteen miles 
east of York), and to co-operate with General Ewell, 
who would attack Harrisburg in front with Rodes and 
Johnson s divisions." 

In pursuance of this order, Eaiiys division reached 
Cashtown (a hamlet on the east slope of the South 
Mountain, eight miles west of Gettysburg) on the 26th 
of June. At this place, the column divided. Gordon s 
brigade, preceded by White s battalion of cavalry, ad- 
vanced through Gettysburg, driving before it the 26th 
Pennsylvania Militia, and a few Union cavalry, while 
Hoke's, Hays', and Smith's brigades moved farther 
north through Ililltown, Mumraasburg, Hunterstown, 
Berlin, etc., to York. Gordons brigade, continuing 
from Gettysburg, passed through York, arriving at 
Wrights ville on the 28th, where farther advance was 



HOOKER'S ARMY CROSSING THE POTOMAC. 29 

barred by the destruction of the bridge over the Sus- 
quehanna, which was burned by order of Colonel Fkick, 
commanding the 27th Pennsylvania Emergency Regi- 
ment. General Gordon, with his command, returned 
to York. In the mean time, General Ewell had occu- 
pied Carlisle (twenty-eight miles north of Gettysburg), 
with Rodes' and Johnson s divisions ; while Jenkins 
brigade of cavalry had advanced nearly to Harrisburg, 
nineteen miles east of Carlisle, which city was then 
being defended by General Couch, commanding a body 
of militia. 

hooker's army crossing the POTOMAC. 

On the 26th of June (the same day that Gordon s 
brigade passed through Gettysburg), General Hooker 
led his army across the Potomac at Edwards Ferry. 
On the 28th^ he was relieved of the command of the 
Army of the Potomac by Major-general George G. 
Meade, at Frederick, Md. The Union army then 
moved steadily northward, covered on the front and 
on either flank by Buford's, Gregg's, and Kilpat- 
rick's divisions of cavalry. 

In the mean time, General -Lee had taken up his 
headquarters at Chambersburg, at which place Long- 
street's corps arrived on the 27th ; while IlilVs corps 
had been ordered to follow Early s division, cross 
South Mountain, and, moving in the direction of 
York, cross the Susquehanna, destroy the commimi- 



30 GETTYSBURG. 

cation between Harrisburg and Philadelphia, and co- 
operate witli General Eioell, whose command [Rodes 
and Johnson s divisions) was already threatening Har^ 
risburg from the west. 

Hetlis division of HilTs corps arrived at Cashtown 
on the 29th, and on the oOth General Heth ordered 
General Petfigi'ew to take his brigade to Gettysburg 
for supplies. On the same morning (June 30th), 
Buford's Union cavalry moved out from Emmitts- 
burg to go to Gettysburg via Fairfield ; and, as Petti- 
grew s command was about to enter Gettysburg from 
the west, Buford's cavalry was seen coming in from 
the south. General Pettiyrew immediately withdrew 
to the mountains, where he reported to General Heth 
that Gettysburg was occupied b}' Union forces. Gen- 
eral BuFORD advanced through the town, and biv- 
ouacked in the valley west' of the Theological Semi- 
nary, throwing out pickets and videttes on all the roads 
which lead north or west from Gettysburg. 

We find that, on the night of June 30, the several 
subdivisions of the two armies \vere sc;ittered over 
thousands of square miles of the surrounding country, 
extending from Carlisle and Harrisburg, Perm., on the 
north, to Manchester, Md., in the soutli ; and from 
York, Penn., in the east, to Chambersburg, Penn., in 
the west; and that all this intervening territory was 
being picketed or scouted over by detachments from 
the two armies. 



THE NIGHT BEFORE THE BATTLE. 31 
THE NIGHT BEFORE THE BATTLE. 

Having acquired a general knowledge of the move- 
ments of the opposing armies during the campaign, 
it is now of the utmost importance that the visitor, 
or tlie reader, should familiarize himself with the 
relative position of each subdivision of these two 
great armies on that night of June oOtli ; and also 
with the route of the approach of each to Gettysburg ; 
as the time of tlie arrival of troops on the field not 
infrequently changed for the time the entire character 
of the battle. The accompanying map will aid the 
student or the visitor in his studies, though the latter 
will get a much better idea of the extent of the field 
and of the magnitude of distances by a personal exami- 
nation of the surrounding country from East Cemetery 
Hill ; aided by the assistance of a good guide to point 
out the direction and explain the distances of the 
principal localities. It is important for the student of 
the battle to understand that when General Pettigr&w 
returned to Cashtown and reported to General Hetli 
that a body of Union cavalry had reached Gettysburg, 
and when General Buford reported that night to 
General Meade that Confederate infantry had been 
surprised, and prevented from entering Gettysburg, 
neither General Lee nor General Meade knew of the 
proximity of the command of the other. Accidental 
collisions of advance parties had been of almost daily 



32 GETTYSBURG. 

occurrence since the beginning of the campaign ; and, 
although this meeting may have made each commander 
a little more cautious, neither had the remotest idea 
that the decisive battle of the war, and what proved 
to be one of the greatest battles of the world, was 
to be ushered in with the morrow's sun. 

The headquarters of General Meade were at Taney- 
town, twelve miles south of Gettysburg ; and those 
of General Lee were at Chambersburg, twenty-five 
miles west of Gettysburg. It was not until the 
evening of the 28th of June that General Lee became 
aware that the Union army had crgssed the Potomac ; 
and, knowing that it was now on liis flank, and liable 
to strike his rear, and fearing that he might be 
attacked while the Army of Northern Virginia was 
in an extended and exposed condition, he decided 
to abandon the attack on Harrisburg, countermarch 
EivelVs corps, and concentrate his army as quickly 
as possible at Cashtown or Gettysburg. Accordingly, 
orders were issued to General EioeU to that effect. 
And when General Fettigreiv was falling back from 
before Gettysburg on the evening of the 30th, Ltnelfs 
corps was countermarching towards that place ; and 
had already made a full day's march in that direction. 

rOSITION OF UNION TROOPS. 

On the night of June 30th, the First corps of the 
Union army, General Doubleday commanding (Gen- 



POSITION OF UNION TROOPS. 33 

eral Reynolds being in command of the right wing 
of the army), la}^ on the road between Emmittsburg, 
Md., and Gettysburg, the advance at Marsh Creek, 
under orders to move up to Gettysburg, five miles 
distant, on the morrow. The Eleventh corps, General 
Howard commanding, was supporting the First, and 
lay at Emmittsburg, ten miles south of Gettysburg, 
with orders to move up, and keep within supporting 
distance of the First. The Third corps, General 
Sickles, lay on the road between Taneytown and 
Emmittsburg, under orders to march the next morning 
to the latter place* \These three corps comprised Gen- 
eral Reynolds' command) The Fifth corps. General 
Sykes, lay at Union Mills, Md., seventeen miles from 
Gettysburg, with orders to march the next day to 
Hanover. The Sixth corps. General Sedgwick, was 
at Manchester, Md., and the Twelfth corps. General 
Slocum, encamped near Littlestown, Penn., ten miles 
southeast of Gettysburg, under orders to move up to 
Two Taverns, a hamlet on the Baltimore pike, a few 
miles south of Gettysburg, the next day. The cavalry 
was covering the front and flanks of the army. Two 
brigades of Buford's division (First, Gamble's, and 
Second, Devin's) had reached Gettysburg, as already 
explained ; while Merritt's reserve (Regular) brigade 
was patrolling the roads through the mountains near 
Mechanicstown, Md. Gregg's division (Second) was 
closing up in the rear and on the right, while the 



34 GETTYSBURG. 

Third division, under General Kilpatrick (which had 
that day crossed sabres with Stuarfs Confederate 
cavahy in the streets of Hanover, fourteen miles east 
of Gettysburg), was following his retreating adversary 
towards Berlin and York. 

POSITION OF CONFEDERATE TROOPS. 

The several corps comprising the Confederate army 
were equally scattered. The First, under General 
Lonr/street, lay at and near Chambersburg, twenty- 
five miles w^est of Gettysburg. 

The Second corps, EiveWs, was divided. Johnson s 
division countermarched from Carlisle on the 29th, 
going towards Chambersburg, to convoy trains ; and 
went into bivouac at Greenville, a hamlet twenty-five 
miles northwest of Gettysburg. On the next morning, 
it moved through Scotland, and bivouacked, June 30, 
two miles from Fayetteville, and twenty-one miles 
west of Gettysburg. Rodes division left Carlisle on 
the oOth, and, marching southward, bivouacked at 
Heidlersburg, ten miles north of Gettysburg, under 
orders to move through Middletown, towards Cash- 
town, the next morning ; while Earlij's division, which 
left York on the same morninu;, marched towards Cash- 
town, and bivouacked tliree miles before reaching Heid- 
lersburg. 

The Third corps. General A. P. Hill commanding, 
lay scattered along the Chambersburg turnpike, with 



POSITION OF CONFEDERATE TROOPS. 35 

HetKs division at Cashtown, Pender s division on the 
south side of the South Mountain, and Anderson s 
division at Fayetteville. 

After General Pettig^^eio returned and reported that 
Gettysburg was occupied by Union troops. General Heth 
was ordered to advance the next morning (July 1st), 
and investigate this rumor ; while Pender s division 
was ordered to follow and support General Heth. At 
the same time, a courier was dispatched to General 
Ewell, to notify him of this movement. Whereupon, 
the head of Rodes division, with which General EiveU 
was moving, was turned southward from Middletown, 
towards Gettysburg ; and General Early, who had also 
been notified of the change, turned to his left at Heid- 
lersburg, and marched for Gettysburg. 

It is important to note the movements of these two 
commands, as the time and place of their arrival on 
the field at Gettysburg changed the entire character of 
the first day's battle. Hetlis division broke camp at 
Cashtown at five o'clock on the morning of July 1st. 
and marched for Gettysburg ; while the First corps of 
the Army of the Potomac left its encampment on the 
banks of Marsh Creek and at Emmittsburg an hour or 
two later for the same destination ; the former march- 
ing towards the east and the latter towards the north, 
the point of intersection being at Gettysburg. 

The morale of the two armies was never better. 
The worn and jaded troops had left the battle-scarred 



36 (JETTYSBCKG. 

fields of Virginia smoking amid the devastation of 
war, and were now enterins; the rich valleys of the 
North. The Union-loving element of Maryland greeted 
its brave defenders with acts of hearty hospitality. 
The richest bomities of the land were freely distributed 
to the '' boys in blue : " and lond and long were the 
cheers and songs of the men, who, for the first time in 
years, fomid themselves among friends. 

The fields of bending grain, and the rich harvest of 
fruits, were also a glad sight to the invader; while 
before all came the frightened farmers, in motley con- 
fusion, driving before them their gathered flocks to 
some place of safety. 

The pickets of Buford's cavalry, which had been 
thrown forward the night before, detected and resisted 
Hetlis advance, and the battle of Gettysburg com- 
menced. 

FIRST day's battle. 

To acquire a thorough knowledge of the first day's 
engagement, it will be better to examine each locality 
in the order in which it came into prominence, and to 
follow consecutively the events of the fight. If the 
touiist has the time to do so, before going over the 
field, he should by all means visit the cupola of 
the Theological Seminary, D-12, as from no other spot 
can he get so clear an idea of the extent and charac- 
ter of the country over which the contending armies 
fought and moved. 



SEMINARY AND CEMETERY RIDGES. 



37 



fie 



'ynolds' Gro 



Spring s 



Benner's HilK 




THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY/ 

One of the first places for the military student to 
visit should be the Theological Seminary, 0-12. From 
the cupola of this building the entire northern half of 
the battle-field can be viewed ; and with this book in 
hand the opening movements of the battle can readily 
be traced. The size of the field will be better under- 

1 See explanation of Compass-face Guide on page 14 



38 GETTYSBUKG. 

stood, and the magnitude of the battle realized, when 
the eye stretches away to Round Top, f, g-i ; and it is 
known that the whole intervening country was filled 
with armed combatants. 

From this eupola, the gallant Buford directed the 
opening battle on the morning of July 1, 1863. As 
you turn towards the west, a succession of ridges 
stretch away in the distance to the South Mountain 
range. The quiet hamlet of Cash town sits perched on 
the hill-side, a half dozen miles away. The turnpike, 
which leads from Chambersburg, twenty-five miles dis- 
tant, passes through Cashtown, and, crossing the suc- 
cessive undulations, leads to our right, c-12, down into 
the village of Gettysburg. Along this road HiWs 
corps, which had lain in the mountains since the night 
of the 28th, advanced on the opening day of the battle. 

THE UNION TROOPS 

Engaged on the first day, consisted of the First division 
of cavalry. General Buford, which had reached Get- 
tysburg the day before, and bivouacked in the fields 
west of the Seminary. Gajmble's brigade lay in our 
immediate front, c-io, b-h, 12 ; Devin's on the right, b-u, 
extending to the Mummasburg road, hidden from view 
by the grove ; Tidball's battery, commanded by Lieu- 
tenant Calef, was advanced to McPherson's Ridge, B-12. 
General Buford picketed from the Fairfield road, c-io, 



UNION AND CONFEDERATE ADVANCE. 39 

at our left front, along the ridge, crossing the Mum- 
raasburg road at Oak Hill, B-13, on our right, across the 
flat ground, in the northeast, to the Harrisburg road, 
D-16 ; sending out videttcs on all the roads leading north 
and west. On the same night, Jime 30, the First 
corps, General Doubleday, lay at Emniittsburg, a vil- 
lage in the northern part of Maryland, ten miles away ; 
except Wadsworth's division, with Hall's 2d Maine 
battery, which had been thrown forward to Marsh 
Creek, within four or five miles of Gettysburg. The 
Eleventh corps, General Howaed, marched in the rear 
of the First. These troops were all under the imme- 
diate command of General Reynolds. The undulation 
next west of the Seminary will hereafter be styled Bu- 
ford's Ridge, c-9, 10. B-11,12; the second McPherson's Ridge, 
B-ii, 12 ; and the third Herr's Ridge, ah; and, for conve- 
nience sake, names will be given to other locahties, not 
known by such before the battle. 

THE ADVANCE. 

At five o'clock on the morning of July 1, Hilts 
corps broke camp, in the mountains, and advanced on 
the Chambersburg turnpike. Buford's videttes were 
discovered at Marsh Creek, and a section oi Pegramh 
artillery opened fire upon them from Lohr's Hill on the 
west side of the creek. Heth's division formed in line 
of battle, and forced the Union skirmish line steadil\ 



40 GETTYSBURG. 

in ; the artillery firing in succession from Lohr*s, 
Whistler's, and School-house Ridges. Finally discover- 
ing Calef's battery, B-12, in position on McPherson's 
Ridge, supported by a line of dismounted cavalry, the 
section was advanced to Herr's Ridge, from which 
place, standing at the tavern, a-m, the first gun of tbe 
battle was fired ; and this was immediately responded to 
by Calef's battery. The remaining guns of Pegram's 
battalion at once went into position on Herr's Ridge, 
north of the turnpike, A-12 ; and under cover of their 
fire, Heth's division advanced to the attack. 

UNION ARMY. 

In the mean time the First corps, which had broken 
camp that morning and continued to advance on the Em- 
mittsburg road, without any definite idea, however, of 
the proximity of the Confederate army. Wadsworth's 
division, with Hall's 2d Maine battery, led, accom- 
panied by General Reynolds in person. Upon the 
first sound of artillery, he put spurs to his horse 
and dashed to the front. When he reached the 
field, General Buford was watching with deep anxiety 
from the cupola (where we are supposed to stand, 0-12), 
the advance of the Confederate lines. Descending im- 
mediately, he met General Reynolds, and together 
they reconnoitered the position. It was decided to 
order up the infantry ; and, if possible, save the town 



FIRST DAY'S ENGAGEMENT — FORENOON. 41 

of Gettysburg from capture, d. e-i3, k. The Union troops 
rapidly crossed the fields from Cordora's house, e-9, on 
the Emraittsburg road; moving over the ridge, near 
the Seminary, by a flank, they formed in line and be- 
came immediately engaged. Hall's battery galloped 
to die front to engage Pegram, ah. Cutler's brigade 
moved to the north of the railroad and engaged Davis\ 
B-12, who had already crossed Willoughby Run ; and 
the "Iron Brigade," General Meredith, dashed into 
Reynolds' Grove, b-io, n, to meet Archer, b-io, n, whose bri- 
gade had already cleared the run and charged gallantly 
up the steep, into the forest, forcing the dismounted 
cavalry before them. The attack and defense, all 
along the lines, was of the most desperate character. 
Cutler was soon forced to give ground, and fell back 
nearly to town ; by which means Davis got possession 
of the railroad cut, B-12. But it proved a trap to the 2d 
Mississippi, in which many officers and men were 
captm-ed. Hall's battery was only saved by the 
quick coolness of its commander, and intrepidity of the 
men. On the left the engagement was, if possible, 
even more fierce. General Reynolds, who advanced 
with Meredith, fell, shot through the head just after 
entering the grove, and the country lost one of its best 
and bravest defenders. General Archer was repulsed. 
The right of his brigade was enveloped by Meredith's 
lefl, and, while gallantly rallying his command, he was 



42 GETTYSBURG. 

made prisoner of war, together with several hundred of 
his men. The theatre of this engagement was at Wil- 
loughby Run, at the western portion of Reynolds 
Grove. The Reynolds Avenue and the Springs Hotel 
Avenue have been constructed since the battle. The 
Katalysine Springs, now so widely sought, then 
gushed unknown from the earth, placidly meandering 
their course, as the wild thunders of the fierce struggle 
Bhook the very heavens, and their sweet and peaceful 
waters assuaged the fiery thirst, ahke, of the men in 
blue and the men in gray. 

In consequence of a reported body of Confederate 
troops at Fairfield, on the 30th, General Reynolds 
ordered his third division to picket in strong force in 
ihat direction. The time required in drawing in this 
picket line gave the first division two hours' start on 
the march, while the second division, which had en- 
camped at Emmittsburg, having several miles farther 
to go, came still later upon the field. The corps artil- 
lery marched in the following order: Hall's battery, 
2d Maine, with Wadsworth's division ; Cooper's bat- 
tery, B, 1st Pennsylvania, with Rowley's division ; 
Stevens', 5th Maine, Reynolds', L, 1st New York, and 
Stewart's, B, 4th United States, batteries, followed 
Wadsworth's division, which advanced on the Em- 
mittsburg and Gettysburg road, followed by Robin- 
son's division. Rowley's division started on a parallel 
road several miles farther to the west. It came upon 



VISIT TO THE FIELD. 43 

the battle-field at the White Bridge, b-3, at which place 
the first sound of the opening battle was heard. The 
first brigade, Colonel Biddle, led the advance, and 
continued up Willoughby Run to the Millerstown road •, 
while the second brigade, Colonel Stone, crossed the 
country to the Emniittsburg road, and approached by 
the road previously taken by the first division. General 
DouBLEDAY, having seen the third division en routes 
galloped to the front, overtaking the first division as it 
went into action. The Eleventh corps, General Howard, 
which had been ordered to support the first, marched 
from Emmittsburg, following Robinson's division. 

Up to the hour of noon Wadsworth's division was 
the only Union infantry engaged. Doubled ay's divis- 
ion arrived on the field at twelve o'clock. Stone's bri- 
gade formed at the McPherson buildings, b-h, on the 
right of Meredith, and Biddle's brigade occupied 
several positions on his left, c-io. The corps artillery 
came up, under Colonel Wainwright, and was event- 
ually formed on Seminary Ridge, c-12 ; and in these posi- 
tions the troops fought later in the day. Robinson's 
division reached the field about noon, and was held 
in reserve, under cover of the Seminary. 

VISIT to the field. 

Whether the tourist goes to the cupola of the 
Theological Seminary, D-12, or not, it will be well for 
him to commence the examination of the field by 



44 GETTYSBURrT. 

driving out on the Fairfield (Millerstown) road, turn 
to the right into Reynolds Avenue, and commence the 
examination of the line of battle of the first day at 
its extreme left, which is marked by the monument of 
the 121st Pennsylvania Volunteers, c-io, of Rowley's 
brigade of infantry, commanded on the 1st by Colonel 
BiDDLE. This avenue indicates the position where that 
brigade formed when it first came upon the field ; and 
also where it engaged Pettigi'eiD s brigade later in the 
day ; though it held several positions in the interim. 
The engagement with Pettigreiv was in the afternoon. 
His brigade was supported and eventually relieved by 
McGoivcuis brigade ; and by Lanes brigade, which 
advanced on McGowans right, and Extended across 
the Fairfield road. 

On reaching the Springs Hotel Avenue, the visitor 
will naturally drive to Reynolds' Grove, b-h, where 
General Reynolds fell, at the very opening of the 
hrst day's battle. The avenue east of Reynolds' Grove, 
extending across from the Springs Hotel Avenue to 
the Chambersburg pike, was constructed more particu- 
larly to mark the line of Buford's cavalry in the early 
part of the fight. Later in the afternoon Meredith's 
brigade, and the 151st Pennsylvania Volunteers of 
Biddle's brigade, had a temporary line on the ground 
where this avenue has been opened ; the latter being 
very heavily engaged at the point of the woods, and 
suffering severely. 



THE FIRST UJ^ION GUN. 45 

The Iron Brigade, under General Meredith, relieved 
Gamble's brigade of cavalry, and advanced down 
through the grove ; the left of the brigade crossed Wil- 
loughby Run, where it enveloped the right of ArcUeys 
brigade. This allowed the right of Meredith's com- 
mand, at the opening of the battle, to make prisoners 
of General Archer and a large number of his men. 
Meredith's brigade successfully resisted the attack of 
Archer'' s brigade in the morning's fight ; and it was 
also heavily engaged here later in the day with tlie 
left of rettigreivs and tlie right of BrockenboroiigK s 
brigades when H'dVs corps made its grand advance. 
Lanes, McGoiva7is and Scales brigades relieved HetKs 
division during the afternoon's engas-ement. Thomas 
brigade was held in reserve. 

The avenue in the lower part of Reynolds' Grove 
marks General Meredith's line of battle, b-io, where the 
brigade formed after its first encounter with Archer s 
brigade ; and is the position it occupied much of the 
day. After driving through Reynolds' Grove, the 
tourist will pass through the field along the position 
first occupied by the 95th New York and the 14th 
Brooklyn, b-h, out to the Chambersburg turnpike. 

the first union gun. 

At the point of intersection of Reynolds Avenue 
with the turnpike stood Calef's battery, b-h, 12, which 
fired, from this spot, the first Union cannon of the 



46 GETTYSBrun. 

battle, while engaging Fegranis artillery, which was 
posted on the Chambersburg pike, near Herr's Ijrick 
tavern, a-h. Calef's guns were retired, and Hall's 
2d Maine battery went into position north of the 
road, where Calef's right section had stood : supported 
by the 14th Brooklyn and Doth New York on the 
left, and by the 147th New York on the right, but 
across the railroad cut. 

It was at this :in!J:le, en, 12, that Stone's briarade 
went into position Avhen it caiue up aljout noon, and 
it was here that it made such a desperate stand on 
the afternoon of July 1st, eno-ao-iniJ' the ri^ht of 
DanieVs briujade as it came down from Oak Hill ; and 
Bro(ikenl)or(>u(j]i i^ brigade, which crossed Willoughby 
Run, and attacked it from the west. Eventually the 
remnants of Danis^ Mississippi brigade, which had 
fought here early in the morning, joined in the fight. 

From here we drive back a few hundred yards on 
tlie Chambersburg pike towards town ; tlien, turning 
towards the north, on the continuation of Ivcynolds 
Avenue, we approach the railroad cut, made famous 
by the engagement of the 6th Wisconsin, DSth New 
Yoi'k, and the 14th Brooklyn with Davis Mississippi 
brigade, B-12, early in the day. Crossing the iron 
bridge, which has been erected by the Battle-field 
Memorial Association, we continue along the crest 
where the 56th Penn.sylvania Volunteers and 76th New 
York, of Cittler's brigade, first met Davis' Mississippi 



THE FIRST UNION GUN. 47 

brigade, at the very opening of the battle. If, on 
reaching the position of the 76th New York, the 
tourist advances to the next ridge, he caVi continue 
by the prolongation of this avenue to the Mummasburg 
road, which passes along the position first occupied by 
Devin's brigade of Buford's cavalry, b-i3. It was over 
this ground that Daniel's brigade of North Carolinians 
made a liandsome advance on the afternoon of the 1st. 

Or, turning to the right from the position of the 
76th New^ York, he can take the drivew\ay which leads 
back to Seminary Ridge, along which it continues to 
the Mummasburg road, b-i3. This position was occupied 
by Robinson's division of the First corps, with its 
riglit refused down along the Mummasburg road. 

When Bodes' division debouched from Oak Hill, and 
Carter s artillery, b-m, opened from that commanding 
position on Doubled ay's flank, Baxter's brigade was 
hurried here from near the Seminary, d-i3, followed 
bv Paul's bris^ade, where thev met Iversons, DameFs, 
O NeaVs, and Ramseurs brigades as they advanced to 
the attack. 

Iversons brigade was met by the concentrated fire of 
Baxter's, b-is, and Cutler's brigades, b-,2; and three 
regiments of his command, with their colors, were 
captured. 

As the tourist approaches the Mummasburg road. 
Oak Hill is at his left. And if the object is to get 
a comprehensive view of the field of the first day's 
battle, he should visit that commanding height. 



48 GETTYSBURG. 



OAK HILL. 




Few localities in the vicinity of Gettysburg famish 
a more charming landscape view than that to be had 
from Oak Hill, b-k; and, aside from its local histori- 
cal interest, it will amply repay a visit. There is no 
place that the military student can go to understand 
80 well the movements of EwelVs corps ; indeed, the 
whole latter half of the first day's battle. This hill 
is approached from town by the Mummasburg road. 
On reaching the crest of Seminary Ridge, it is neces- 
sary to leave the carriage and walk up the open 
field to near the summit ; then turn to the right 
until both sides of the hill can be embraced in the 



OAK HILL. 49 

vdew. It is to be regretted that the bushes have been 
allowed to grow, as they will soon materially inter- 
fere with this prospect. 

Immediately before you in the south, lies the town 
of Gettysburg, which forms a pleasing feature in the 
middle distance. Cemetery Hill, E-12, with its national 
monument, is beyond; while Cemetery Ridge stretches 
away to- Round Top, f-i, whose conical summit rises 
majestically in the distance. Between Cemetery Ridge 
and the grove, the broad glacis, up which Longstreet's 
magnificent charge was made on the last day of the 
battle, is distinctly seen. This grove, c-13, was also 
the theatre of a desperate engagement. It was here 
that the right of Robinson's division engaged O'NeaVs 
brigade of Alabamians ; here that the gallant General 
Paul received a fearful wound, — a bullet passing into 
one eye and out at the other, — from which he has since 
been totally blind. [General Paul died May 5, 1886.] 

Reynolds' grove, b-h, can be seen in the southwest, 
standing out like a square bastion in the open fields 
which surround it. We look down upon the Springs 
Hotel, B-io, at the right; while, in the distance, the 
South Mountain range cuts the horizon ; and nearer, in 
the west-southwest, is Herr's Tavern, a-m. As we turn 
towards the east, objects of equal interest meet the 
gaze. The imposing structure in the suburbs of the 
town is the Pennsylvania College, d-u. Gulp's Hill, e-u. 



50 GETTYSBURG. 

beyond forms a fine background for the left of the vil' 
lage. East Cemetery Hill, e-i3, is to the right of this ; 
a peculiar lone tree on its summit fixes it as one of 
the landmarks of the field.'- The bare rounded ridge 
to the left of Gulp's Hill is Benner's Hill, e-it. We 
look over the Almshouse buildings, d-is, to see it. Ris 
ing up toward the left from the Almshouse is Bar- 
low's " Knoll," c-16, beyond which is Hospital Hill, o-ia. 

Having familiarized ourselves with the topography 
of the field, the positions and general movements of 
the troops can be readily explained.^ 

While HeiJis division was engaging the First corps 
on the Chambersburg road, Rodes' division unexpect- 
edly reached the field, and Carter s battalion of artil- 
lery advanced and went into position on Oak Hill, 
where we stand, enabling him to enfilade the Union 
line engaged near the Chambersburg road. Bodes' 
division stretched in line of battle entirely across the 
ridge in our rear. In the mean time Robinson's divis- 
ion advanced from the Seminary, and formed in Une 
along the crest at our right front, b. c-13. Cutler's bri- 
gade advancing in the grove on Robinson's left. 
General Schurz formed the Eleventh corps in the 
open fields north of town. The left of Von Amsburg's 
briirade of Schimmelphennig's division rested on the 
Mummasburg road. Kryzanowski's brigade lay east 

1 I have traced with care the niovetnents of every regiment of both armies, 
which will be found in my illustrated history of the battle. 
'■^ Killed by lightning. 



FIRST DAY — AFTERNOON ENGAGEMENT. 51 

of the Carlisle road, with Ames' brigade of Barlow's 
division on its right, extending to Barlow's Knoll- 
Vox Gilser's brigade, the right of Barlow's division, 
formed on the "Knoll," and was refused to Rock 
Creek. Wilkinson's battery, G, 4th U. S., was posted 
on Barlow's Knoll, c-ie. Dilger's Ohio and Wheeler's 
New York batteries were with Schimmelphennig's 
division, c-m. Major Carter detached several batteries 
from the position where we stand, and posted them on 
the flat spot behind the house, on the east side of the 
hill, B 14, where they engaged in a sharp duel with 
DiLGER and Wheeler. Bodes' division now advanced 
to the attack. Iversons North Carolina brigade moved 
oast our immediate right, and soon encountered Rob- 
inson's division. 

A desperate struggle ensued, resulting in the capture 
of three of Iversons regiments, with their colors. 
Daniels' North Carolina brigade moved to the south- 
west towards the railroad, where it united with Davis' 
Mississippi brigade in an attack upon Stone's brigade 
on McPherson's Ridge, B-12 ; and the whole of HeWs 
division, supported by Pender s division, now became 
generally engaged as far south as the Fairfield road, 
B-9. Mcintosh's battalion of artillery had already gone 
•jito position on the right of Pegram, ^-\\} O'NeaVi 

1 Lanes', Poagues\ and GarnHl's battalions were on the ground, but fin 
want of suitable positions were not engaged. 
S 



52 GETTYSBURG. 

Alabama brigade of liodcs' division, in its advance, 
moved around the brow of Oak Hill to our left, and 
became engaged with the right of Baxter's and 
Paul's brigades of Robii^^son's division at the grove in 
our front. />o/^s' 'Georgia brigade formed on the flat 
ground to the left of O'Neal's brigade, c-is, and was 
ordered to hold the right of the Eleventh corps in 
check. It advanced handsomely, but was near being 
cut off from O'Neal by an evolution of Schimmel- 
PHENNIg's division, which was avoided by a skillfid 
change of front. At this stage of the engagement 
Early's division arrived on the Harrisburg road, c-17, la, 
and under cover of the heavy fire of Jones' battalion 
of artillery, o-is, advanced to the attack. Gordons Geor- 
gia brigade led, supported by Hayes' Louisiana brigade. 
During this sanguinary but short engagement, the 
position was carried. General Barlow was severely 
wounded while rallying his men, and General Ames as- 
sumed command of the division. The fighting along the 
whole line, three miles in length, occupying over one 
hundred and eighty degrees of a circle, now became 
m«)st desperate. Finally at four o'clock, outflanked 
on the right and left by nearly a quarter of a mile, 
and overwhelmed by numbers, the Union troops were 
forced from the field, and in great disorder retreated 
through town to the heights of Cemetery Hill. An 
attempt was made by Hoke's brigade of Early's divia- 



EARLY'S DIVISION — UNION RETREAT. 53 

ion to get between the Eleventh corps and town. It 
moved down Rock Creek, which it crossed at the 
mouth of Stevens' Run, above the railroad bridge, d-is. 
Continuing up the Run, it was met near the brick- 
yard, in the suburbs of the town, by Coster's brigade 
of Steinwehr's division, d-is, sent from Cemetery Hill 
by General Howard to cover the retreat of the corps. 
The engagement was of short duration. Coster was 
soon forced to retire to Cemetery Hill, and the Confed- 
erate lines entered and took possession of the town, 
making prisoners of large numbers of Union troops. 

The advantage of having held a body of troops in 
reserve on Cemetery Hill was now manifest. But a 
single brigade. Smith's of Steinwehr's division, re- 
mained unengaged. This was posted in the Cemetery, 
E-12 ; while Wiedrick's New York battery held a com- 
manding position on East Cemetery Hill, E-13. This 
small force formed a nucleus around which the broken, 
shattered, dispirited troops rallied. General Hancock 
reached the field at this moment with orders from Gen- 
eral Meade, who was at Taneytown, twelve miles 
away, to assume command. In his efforts to reform 
the lines he was ably assisted by Generals Howard, 
DouBLEDAY, Warren, and others, and soon confidence 
was again restored. As the artillery came in, every 
position on East Cemetery Hill, and in the Cemetery 
was occupied. 



54 (;E'n vsHi'U(j. 

From Oak Hill, the tourist can drive down the 
Mummasburg road towards the town. A new avenue 
should be laid out, however, to enable the visitor, in 
place of continuing down the Mummasburg road, to 
drive around the 90tli Pennsylvania monument, down 
the side-hill in front of that of the l()4th New York^ 
around the loth Massachusetts monument, and out to 
the Mummasburg road. The red barn seen at the left, 
B-14, marks the locality of the engagement of O'Neals 
Alabama brigade. Across the flat ground beyond, 
Doles' brigade of Georgians deployed and engaged 
ScHURz' division of the Eleventh corps, whose line of 
battle was formed across the field at the left, and is 
now marked by Howard Avenue, into which we turn 
from the Mummasburg road, d-u. Schurz' division 
was commanded by General Sciiimmelfennig, General 
ScHURZ having assumed connnand of the corps, and 
General Howard of the field, when General Reynolds' 
death became known. Vox Amsberg's brigade, which 
constituted the left of the Eleventh corps, rested with 
its left on tlie Munnnasburg road, and its general line 
of battle stretched across the Carlisle road to the Har- 
risburs: road ; l)ut individual regiments and batteries 
were frequently pushed up to the front. Krzyzanow- 
SKi's brigade, c-15, was formed across the Carlisle road, 
and connected with the left of Ames' brigade, which 
lay on Barlow's Knoll, c-ie ; Von Gilsa's brigade lay 
across and along the east slope of this knoll, partly 



THE UNION LINE OF BATTLE. 55 

deployed along Rock Creek. As the tourist ascends 
Barlow's Knoll, he will be moving directly towards the 
open field and forest (a half mile distant in the eastern 
horizon) from which Early s division, c-is, debouched 
about 2 P.M. on the first day ; and which is also the 
position from which Jones battalion of artillery, c-is, 
enfiladed the Eleventh corps line with shot and shell. 

It was also from this position that Gordon s brigade, 
supported by Hays brigade, c-17, swept down on either 
side of the Harrisburg road. After crossing Rock 
Creek, Gordon united with Doles' brigade, c-15. which 
was moving up on his right, and advanced to attack 
Vox Gilsa's and Ames' brigades at Rock Creek and 
on Barlow's Knoll. Smitlis brigade remained in re- 
serve, c-18 ; while Hoke's brigade, d 15, advanced on 
Hays' left, crossed Rock Creek south of the Harris- 
burg road, continued up Stevens' Run, and was met 
near town by Coster's brigade, of Vox Steinwehr's 
division of the Eleventh corps, which was sent down 
from Cemetery Hill, by General Howard, to cover the 
retreat of their comrades at the front. 

Before turning to go to the town, the tourist is 
advised to look back along the line, remembering that 
the stretch of country from the left of Reynolds Avenue 
at the Fairfield (Millerstown) road, c-9, to the right of 
Howard Avenue, at the Harrisburg road, d-i?, a distance 
of three miles, constituted the Union line of battle on 
the first day. The Confederate line which opposed it 



56 GETTYSIURG 

was four miles long, much of the way in a doul)le line 
of battle, and forming the arc of a circle. At three 
o'clock, the Union forces were overlapped on either 
flank of several regiments, and desultory fighting was 
going on all along the line. But soon after a general 
advance was ordered by Generals Hill and Eicell ; and, 
after a most desperate attack by the Confederate forces, 
and a most determined resistance by their opponents, 
the Union line was broken and driven from the field, 
through the town, to Cemetery Hill. Schuez' division 
of the Eleventh corps formed on Cemetery Hill, e 12, 13, 
with Von Steinweiir's division, supported b}' Doub- 
led ay's division of the First corps, which lay in rear 
of the hill, and was covered in front by Buford's cav- 
alry ; while Barlow's division formed behind the stone 
walls on East Cemetery Hill. Wadsworth's division, 
E-14, went to Culp's Hill, and Robinson's division, eh, 
formed along Cemetery Ridge 'on the left of the ceme- 
tery. The Confederate troops advanced into the town, 
forming line of battle through the town, and along 
Seminary Ridge, opposite the Union forces on Cemetery 
Hill. 

The Twelfth corps arrived from Littlestown by way of 
Two Taverns, and, continuing up the Baltimore pike, 
Williams' division turned to its right over Wolf 
Hill, H-16, 17: wliile, by direction of General Hancock, 
Geary's division moved to its left, and occupied the 
heights nortli of Little Round Top. When General 



THE FIRST DAY'S BATTLE. 57 

Meade, who was at Taneytown, twelve miles distant, 
heard of the death of General Reynolds, he ordered 
General Hancock to proceed to the front and assume 
command. General Hancock arrived at Gettysburg 
just as the break in the Union line came, and the 
disorganized masses of troops were then retreating 
through town. He immediately assumed command ; 
and, assisted by Generals Howard, Doubleday, 
SoHURz, Warren, and others, a new and strong posi- 
tion was taken up on Cemetery Hill. When General 
Slocum reached the field, General Hancock turned the 
command over to him, and returned to Taneytown and 
reported to General Meade. On his report, the entire 
army was ordered up to Gettysburg. 

The Third corps began to arrive from Emmittsburg 
about five o'clock, and by one o'clock at night the 
entire corps had bivouacked in front of Cemetery 
Ridge, at the right of Little Round Top ; except two 
brigades left by General Sickles at Emmittsburg, 
which did not arrive until nine o'clock on the morn- 
ing of the 2d. . 

The first day's battle closed a complete success for 
the Confederate arms. Two small corps had held two 
thirds of the Confederate army for hours ; until, out- 
flanked on both flanks, they were at last compelled to 
retire. The loss was very heavy. Major-general Rey- 
nolds, the commander of the left wing of the Army of 
the Potomac, was killed while in command of the 



58 GETTYSBURG. 

field ; General Barlow, commanding the first division 
of the Eleventh corps, was desperately wounded ; and 
Generals Meredith and Paul, and Colonels Leonard, 
EooT, Coulter, Stoxe, Wister, and Biddle, were 
wounded while in command of brigades. 

Lieutenant-general Hill and Brigadier-general Scales, 
of the Confederate army, were wounded, and General 
Archer was captured. 

SECOND day's battle. 

The battle on the 2d commenced during the forenoon 
of July 2d in the open grove on that part of Seminary 
Ridge lying directly opposite the Peach Orchard. 

If the tourist desires to fix in his mind the events 
of the engagement as they consecutively occurred, he 
should drive directly to the grove where the second 
day's battle commenced. This may be done by the 
Emmittsburg road, or, what will be better, by the drive- 
way along Seminary Ridge, following the Confederate 
line of battle, where it is contemplated to open an 
avenue. This ridge was formerly known as Oak 
Ridge, but since the battle it has been known as 
Seminary Ridge. A drive along its crest would com- 
mand a fine view of the field, particularly that portion 
occupied by the left of the Union line ; and, if prac- 
ticable, it should be visited by the tourist next after 
completing the survey of the ground of the first 
day's battle, that a proper understanding may be had 



SECOND DAYS BATTLE. 69 

of the location of the Confederate army, and the 
position from which it advanced to attack the Union 
forces on the second and third day. 

The crest of Seminary Ridge was occupied by the 
Confederate artillery, supported by infantry in double 
line of battle. 

This line, commencing at the Fairfield road, d-h, con- 
sisted of HetKs, Pender s, and Anderson s divisions, 
which occupied the ground to the cross-road that leads 
west from the Peach Orchard ; and by McLatvs and 
Mood's divisions, which prolonged the line beyond the 
point where the Enmiittsburg road crosses the ridge, di. 
Hodts division, E-12, was formed along a dirt road, D-10,13, 
which runs south from the village, and in front and 
west of Cemetery Ridge. 

The battle proper did not commence on the 2d 
until about 4 o'clock p. m. ; but indications of the 
passage of troops from north to south behind Semi- 
nary Ridge prompted General Sickles to throw forward 
four companies of the 1st United States sharp-shooters 
froin the Peach Orchard, supported by the 3d Maine 
infantry, to the crest of Seminary Ridge, e-s. This 
reconnoissance discovered WUcoxs brigade of Ander- 
sons division, which was then moving forward into 
position. A sharp skirmish ensued. On the knowledge 
thus secured. General Sickles ordered the Third corps 
forward from the western slope of Cemetery Ridge to 
the Intermediate Ridge ; forming Humphkeys' division, 



60 GETTYSBURG. 

E7, on the Emmittsburg road, in two lines of battle. 
Graham's brigade, e5,6, of Birney's division formed 
on Humphreys' left at the Peach Orchard, e-5,5 ; 
DeTrobriand's, e-4, and Ward's brigades, f-3, of 
Birney's division continued the line to Round Top, f-i. 
DeTrobriand's brigade formed in the Wheat-field, e4, 
and in the grove to the northwest of it, with Ward's 
brigade in the woods beyond, extending to the Devil's 
Den, F-2. This part of the field was inaccessible, except 
to pedestrians, until the Memorial Association opened 
Sickles Avenue. The tourist, having driven along 
Seminary Ridge to the location of the fight of Ber- 
dan's sharp-shooters with Wilcox s brigade, d-s, should 
turn to his left, and continue by the cross-road to the 
Peach Orchard on the Emmittsburg road, e-5, then 
turn to the right to examine the Peach Orchard, e-s, 
and afterwards continue on the Emmittsburg road 
towards town, passing along the line occupied by the 
right of Graham's brigade, and Carr's brigade. This 
ridge was occupied later by Barksdales, Wilcox s, 
Perry s, and Wri/jJifs brigades, which advanced, and 
drove the Union troops from this position on the even- 
ing of the 2d. It was also occupied by Alexander s 
artillery on the 3d, and Pickett's division charged over 
it the same day. On reaching Sickles Avenue, the 
visitor should turn back toward Round Top. Sickles 
Avenue has been opened by the Memorial Associa- 
tion since the battle ; and this section marks General 



^ WHEAT-FIELD. 61 

Humphreys' second line, which was occupied by 
Brewster's brigade, e-7,8. 

From the Peach Orchard, e-s, the line of battle 
continued to the left, through the fields and forests, to 
the Devil's Den, f-2, at the base of Round Top, g-i. 

There was no infantry, however, between the Peach 
Orchard and the grove west of the Wheat-field, except 
the skirmish line, but the open space was covered by a 
line of artillery fire from Clark's New Jersey battery 
and the batteries of McGilvery's artillery brigade, 
which stood north of the Wheat-field road, and were 
engaged with Long street' si batteries under Colonels 
Cabell and Alexander, planted on the ridge beyond 
the Emmittsburg road. 

General Sickles was wounded late on the afternoon 
of the 2d, near the Trostle buildings, seen to the north 
of the Wheat-field road. 

WHEAT-FIELD. 

We enter the southern section of Sickles Avenue at 
the northern corner of the Wheat-field, and drive 
across to the line of battle. This will be recognized by 
the great number of monuments placed to mark the 
position occupied by regiments which formed the suc- 
cessive lines across this rocky knoll, which at the time 
was entirely covered with trees. 

This position was first occupied by DeTrobriand's 
brigade of Birney's division of the Third corps ; 



62 GETTYSBURG. 

afterwards Tilton's and Sweitzer's brigades of 
Barnes' division of the Fifth corps came in on 
DeTrobriand's right; but being attacked in front and 
heavily threatened in flank by KersJiaics brigade of 
South Carolinians, General Barnes withdrew to the 
north side of the Wheat-field road. Caldwell's divis- 
ion of the Second corps arrived scon alter, and Zook's 
and Kelly's brigades were i)ushed in and re-occupied 
the ground vacated by Bahxes. Tilton's brigade in 
the mean time took up a })()sition on the outer edge of 
the grove north of the road, facing northwesterly, to 
cover the withdrawal of McGilvery's artillery, while 
Sweitzer's brigade formed along the road facing the 
Wheat-field. Cross' brigade of Caldwell's division 
formed in the Wlieat-field and pai'tly in woods south of 
it. Brooke's brigade was held temporarily in reserve, 
but subsequently advanced across the Wheat-field, reliev- 
ing Cross' brigade, charging up the rocky hill to the 
outer edge of the woods. At the same time Sweit- 
zer's Ijrigade advanced across the Wheat-field to the 
stone wall to support Brooke. 

Kershains South Carolina and Semmes' Georgia 
brigades attacked the Union troops in this field, and 
subsequently, when Graham's line was broken at the 
Peach Orchard and McGilvery's artillery retired, 
Wofford's brigade of Georgians advanced through the 
interval and swept over it. 

The tourist will next pass beyond the Wheat-field, into 



DEVIL'S DEX. 63 

the woods, in which the left of Cross' and the right of 
Ward's brigade were engaged with* the right of Ahder- 
soji's Georgia and the left of Robertsoii s Texas brigade. 

devil's DEX. 

After passing througli the woods, the avenue winds 
down the hill, and leads in amono; a mass of srigantic 
boulders. For generations past this weird spot has 
been known as the Devil's Den ; a spring of clear, cool 
w^ater will be foitnd in one of the caverns. Sickles 
Avenue terminates, and Sykes Avenue counnences, at 
Plum Run. While the left of Robertson s brigade was 
engaging Ward's troops at the Devil's Den. on the 
afternoon of July 2d, the right charged up this ravine, 
with Lmvs brigade of Alabamians on its right, extend- 
ing to the summit of Round Top. 

Sykes Avenue leads up the ravine between the Round 
Tops. The stone wall which crosses the valley was 
built for a breastwork on the 4th of July, and extends 
to the top of Round Top. As the visitor reaches this 
wall the avenue to the right leads up to tlie base of 
Round Top ; then turning again to the right, it continues 
down in front to the field of cavalry operations on 
the 3d. 

The direct driveway leads down to the Taneytown 
road, while Sykes Avenue turns abruptly to the left, 
before crossing the line of breastworks, up to Little 
Round Top. 



64 r.ETTYSRURG. 

We cross Phiiu Run and continue up to Little 
Ronnd Top. Plnm Run is a mere rivulet at this 
point, which is easily crossed, and we wind our way up 
among the rocks and trees to a stone wall. This wall, 
although built to protect the troops, was constructed 
after the engagement on this part of the field. It con- 
tinues nearly to the top of Round Top, and also aroLind 
in front of Little Round Top. From this place we 
make the ascent of 

ROUND TOP. 

It is easily accomplished, however, on horseback or 
by the pedestrian, notwithstanding the path leads up a 
rugged way. At places enormous boulders overhang 
deep chasms, but the mosses of ages have rounded 
their outlines, and a luxuriant growth of ferns will 
delight the romantic lover of nature. 

The finest view from the summit is towards the 
south, where the eye stretches away for miles into 
northern Maryland over an extensive champaign 
country, giving a beautiful diversity to the character 
of the scenery. The view to the west and north is 
obstructed somewhat in midsummer by the foliage, 
although it would be a great pity to cut it away ; but 
the citizens of Gettysburg have erected an observatory 
on the summit, reaching above the trees, from which a 
magnificent view of the battle-field and the surround- 
ing country may be had. 



LITTLE ROUND TOP. 



65 



As we go to Little Round Top we observe a sharp rise 
to the right. It is Vincent's Spur. Here occurred one 
of the hardest contested scenes of the battle. Vin- 
cent's brigade lay along the summit of this ridge, and 
was attacked by Laws and Robertsons brigade of Hood^s 
division. Its brave commander was killed off to the 
left, where the spur unites with Little Round Top. 
The carriages will drive around the south point of the 
ridge/ while we walk over it to 

LITTLE ROUND TOP. 







1 At the time of preparing this work there is no path connecting this part 
of the hill with the northern face of Little Round Top ; but there are no 



(5(3 GETTYSBURG. 

If Little Round Top is ascended by this route, the 
view is concealed until you rise the crest. Then from 
its summit the battle-field in all its vast expanse opens 
in tnagnificent grandeur before you. You look down 
upon a landscape of unusual loveliness. Field and 
forest, hill and dale, cottage and farm-house, melt into 
one harmonious whole. At the time of the battle the 
■wo<»d had been recently cut away, on its western face, 
which gave the rough, naked sides of this artillery 
crowned crest the appearance of an immense battle- 
ment, while the view of the battle from this spot was 
supremely grand. 

Having examined so critically the formation of the 
second day's line of battle, it will require but a brief 
description to give a general idea of the engagement. 

At four o'clock on the afternoon of the 2d (the 
Third corps being in the position already explained). 
Hood's division advanced to attack the left of General 
Sickles' line, which lay at the Devil's Den. General 
Hood was wounded at the commencement of the move- 
ment, and General E. M. Law assumed command. Gen- 
eral Warren chanced at that moment to be upon Little 
Round Top ; but a glance sufficed to show him that 
the flank of the Third corps was in danger of being 

serious difficulties to prevent the construction of one, of easy grade, from the 
Devil's Den to the summit of Little Round Top, and along its posterior 
slope to the northern side. This will materially add to the interest of the 
drive. Note. — It was built in 1880 by the Gettysburg Memorial Association. 



LITTLE ROUND TOP. 67 

'.Timed, in which case these heights would be seized 
-yj Confederate troops. In the mean time, General 
Sickles, by previous direction of General Meade, 
lad called on General Sykes, commanding the Fifth 
corps for reinforcements, and he ordered forward 
Barnes', Ayres', and Crawford's divisions in succes- 
sion. Barnes' division was the first to move. These 
troops were seen by General Warren as they came 
ap from Rock Creek, who at once hurried to General 
Barnes and received permission to detach Vincent's 
brigade, which was taken rapidly up the posterior 
slope of Little Round Top, and arrived at the brow of 
the " spur " just as the Confederate Hne, having passed 
the left of Birney's division, came rushing up the 
valley. The 140th New York of Weed's brigade, by 
direction of General Warren, came in at nearly the 
same moment, and formed on Vincent's right; and 
in an instant the troops were engaged in a desper- 
ate contest, which only ended with the darkness. A 
portion of the same Hne had encountered the left of 
the Third corps at the Devil's Den. As Longstreefs 
successive brigades advanced, the battle extended to 
the wheat field and Peach Orchard. Tilton's and 
Sweitzer's brigade of Barnes' division passed to the 
front through the fields at our right, and crossed the 
Peach Orchard road, through the valley at the upper 
side of the wheat field, and formed on the rocky, 



68 GETTYSBURG. 

wooded knoll beyond, supporting De 'Jl'rodriand's bri- 
gade. These were subsequently relieved by Cald- 
well's division of the Second corps, and during the 
engagement, which followed, General Zook, Colonel 
Cross, and Colonel Brooke were wounded, Zook and 
Cross mortally ; General Semmes was killed, and Gen- 
eral Anderson wounded. The Union artillery at the 
Peach Orchard, and the Confederate guns on Semi- 
nary Ridge were all the time engaged in a terrific 
duel. In the mean time Ayres' division reached the 
field. Weed's brigade was ordered to this hill, to 
support Hazlett's battery, which its commander 
had dragged to these heights, under the direction 
of Captain Martin, chief of the Fifth corps artillery. 
The two brigades of regulars had advanced across the 
swale to the ridge in our front, while Crawford's 
division " massed in column by division " in an open 
space on the northern face of the hill. The superior 
situation of the Confederate batteries, allowing a con- 
centrated and cross-fire on the Peach Orchard, com- 
pelled the Union guns to retire, but General Graham, 
commanding the infantry, continued to defend the posi- 
tion. At this time Barksdales brigade advanced to the 
assault, and nna-Uy succeeded in breaking General 
Graham's line. It was then that General Barksdale 
was first wounded, and General Graham was also seri- 
ously wounded and made prisoner. General SlCKl.Ea 



LITTLE ROUND TOP. 69 

was wounded soon after, and General Birney assumed 
command of the corps. He now directed General 
Humphreys, whose line lay along the Emmittsburg 
road, to " change front to the rear," General 
Wofford's brigade, which lay in rear of BarJcsdale s, ad- 
vanced through the opening made by the falling back 
of Graham's command, and turning to its right swept 
down across the fields, and attacking Sweitzer's bri- 
gade, on its flank and rear, forced it from the field. 
Hood's division and portions of McLaws* on Wofford^9 
right now advanced again. The " regulars " were at- 
tacked in front and flank, and compelled to fall back. 
Hazlett's battery now opened an eflfective fire from 
these heights. General Weed, whose brigade sup- 
ported him, was soon stricken down by the sharp- 
shooter's bullet, and while receiving his dying message, 
Lieutenant Hazlett received a fatal shot, and fell 
across the body of his fallen comrade. 

The Sixth corps. General Sedgwick, had now come 
up, and was formed en masse in the open field at the 
northern base of this hill, with Nevin's brigade on the 
crest. Crawford's division had just moved fi'om this 
opening over the crest, and formed among the scatter- 
ing trees at the base of Little Round Top. Li obedi- 
ence to an earnest request, Fisher's brigade was sent 
to the left to reinforce Vincent's brigade, then under 
command of Colonel Rice. 



70 GETTYSBURG. 

At this nioiiient, the entire Union force along tliis 
front was broken and pushed back across the flat ground, 
followed by Wofford's brigade and other troops, which 
received a telling fire of musketry from McCandless' 
command at the foot of the hill. The impracticability 
of carrying this stronghold was instantly seen by the 
Confederate commander, who ordered a retreat. At 
the same time General Ceawfokd led McCandless' 
brigade in a dashing charge down the hill, across the 
swale, to the wheat field, followed and supported by 
Nevin's brigade, which opened fire on the enemy. 

On observing that Barksdale's brigade had " changed 
direction to the left," and was about to take his 
division in reverse, General Humphreys ordered it to 
" change ifront to the rear," which difficult evolution 
was gallantly executed, yet scarcely completed, when 
Wikox's, Perry's, and Wright's brigades swept over the 
ridge, and attacked him on the right. It would 
require the pages of history to give a detailed account 
of the incidents of this battle from Round Top to this 
point, but I will allude to a few, which will be an index 
to the character of the whole. In the thick of the 
fight, as General Humphreys and his officers were 
using every exertion to hold the troops, the General 
saw Captain Chester of his staff* spring with a con- 
vulsive start ; turning to his commander, Chester said, 
** General, I'm shot ! " General Huimphreys, who had 



LITTLE ROUND TOP. 71 

noted his gallantry in sustaining the line, sprang to his 
assistance, and clasping him with his arm, sustained hin^ 
in the saddle until Captain Harry Humphreys, his son 
could take him in charge. An orderly took the horse 
to lead him from the field, when at the instant a round 
Bhot killed the horse, and carried away the orderly's 
head. At this moment General Humphreys' horse, 
bleeding from seven bullet wounds, was struck by a 
shell, and springing convulsively into the air, threw 
his rider violently to the ground, though fortunately 
not seriously injuring him. Just then, Captain Hum- 
phreys was shot through the arm ; General Carr had 
his horse killed under him, and Captains McClellan 
and Cavada both had their horses killed. A portion 
of the guns of Turnbull's battery " retired with pro- 
longe " firing as they went, others were drawn off by 
hand, by the infantry, and others were captured. By 
this almost superhuman effort the attacking force was 
held in check, until portions of the First, Second, and 
Twelfth corps could be brought up by General Meade, 
and a new line formed on Cemetery Ridge ; here the 
battle ended on the left for the night. The reader 
must not suppose this an exceptional case ; there was 
not an acre of ground between this and Round Top 
where the fighting was not as severe as here, and in 
more than one case the field was fought over re- 
peatedly by successive commands. 



72 GETTYSBURG. 

ENGAGEMENT ON OULp's HILL. 

During the engagement on the left of the field, and 
at the time when the line of battle at the front was 
being pressed back. General Meade ordered a portion 
of the Twelfth corps troops from the right wing of 
the army at Gulp's Hill, fi3,i4, over to the assistance 
of their hard-pressed comrades on the left. 

The Twelfth corps troops had hardly left their 
position when Johnson s division moved out from 
behind Benner's Hill, ei7,i8. and advanced to attack it; 
and as the battle subsided on the left of the held, 
it was taken up and pressed with great fury on the 
right. Before examining the scene of the encounter 
which occurred on the left the next day, the toiu'ist 
is advised to drive directly to Gulp's Hill, eu, and 
study the attack and defense of that position ; and 
afterwards drive to East Gemetery Hill, where the 
second day's battle ended. It will, undoubtedly, take 
more time to examine the field in this way, but by 
doing so the continuity of the battle will be retained. 

On leaving Little Round Top, f 3, take the carriage 
and drive down its northern slope to the Wheat-field 
road, which crosses the nortliern base of the hill, turn 
down to the right towards the east, cross the Taney- 
town road, g-5, and drive by the back-road, G-5,10, towards 
Gulp's Hill, E14. This will be the most convenient 
time to visit Powers Hill. 



GULPS HILL. 73 

POWERS HILL. 

General Slocitm had his headquarters on Powers 
Hill, G-10, and there were several batteries in position 
there. 

WOLF HILL. 

After leaving Powers Hill, if the tourist desires to 
visit the right of the infantry line on Wolf Hill, H-12, 
he should cross the Baltimore pike, g-h, drive down 
past McAllister's Mill, H-12, ford Rock Creek, among 
immense boulders, and continue, by a wild and pictur- 
esque route, up the rugged sides of Wolf Hill, where 
Neill's brigade, h 12, held the extreme right of the 
infantry line of battle on the third day. 

Or, this portion of the line may be visited later, 
if desired, when on the way to Gregg's and Stuart's 
cavalry field. 

gulp's hill. 

Turning back and up the Baltimore pike, the tourist 
should leave the turnpike, and turn to the right, by 
a gateway, beyond the stream, and enter the eastern 
entrance of Slocum Avenue, g-h, which approaches the 
position occupied by Williams' division (commanded 
by General Ruger). The position occupied by Col- 
grove's brigade, g-i3,i4, on the third day will be the 
first visited. Then crossing the meadow, and entering 



74 (lE'JTYSBURG. 

the woods, we come upon Spangler's Spring, fi3, wliich 
furnished water to friend and foe alike during the 
battle. McDougall's brigade, fu, first formed here, 
built the works, and lay in them until nearly night 
on the 2d, when it moved over to the left. But while 
it was absent Steuarfs brigade occupied them, and tlie 
next morning Steuarfs and Walker s brigades' fought 
here to retain them. 

Leaving the spring to the left, the visitor should 
turn up to the right, continue through the gateway, * 
and follow the breastworks as they wind up the hill. 
Kane's brigade, f-ujs, built and occupied the works 
from the top of the hill through the valley beyond to 
the angle ; but was ordered out of them at dusk on 
the evening of the 2d, and followed Candy's brigade 
towards the left. This was the scene of a most 
desperate contest on the night of the 2d and morning 
of the 3d. Johnson s division, f-is, attacked Greene's 
brigade, f-is, which occupied the works from the angle 
to near the top of Gulp's Hill ; the 137th New York 
being deployed in the works vacated by Kane's 
brigade. That portion of the breastworks from the 
gateway near Spangler's Spring, over the first hill, was 
seized by Steuarfs brigade ; Jones' and Hicholfs bri- 
gades of Johnson s division at the same time attacking 
Greene's position on Gulp's Hill, where they were 
repulsed. When Kane's and Gandy's brigades re- 
turned on the night of the 2d, and found their works 



CULFS HILL. 75 

occupied by Steuarfs brigade, a new line of battle was 
formed by General Geary, leading from the '^ angle " 
in the works out to the Baltimore pike ; a part of 
which is marked by monuments. This line was com- 
posed mostly of regiments of Candy's brigade, and 
should be examined before going farther. The tourist 
should also understand, before leaving this part of 
the field, that the Confederates attacked this posi- 
tion on the evening of the 2d, secured a foothold, 
and were not driven out until 11 a. m. on the 3d. 

The great number of monuments at this pla'ce, repre- 
sentins; different commands, indicates that Greene's 
brigade, which built and originally occupied these 
works, was subsequently reinforced by other troops, 
which from time to time relieved Greene's regiments ; 
and monuments of the relieving commands are gener- 
ally placed in rear of the portion of the works which 
these regiments eventually occupied. 

No place on the field presented such terrible effects 
of battle as this portion of Culp's Hill. Gigantic 
trees were not only stripped of leaves and branches, 
but in many cases the trunks themselves were so 
scarred and battered by the musketry that tliey have 
since died, decayed, and fallen to the ground. 

Culp's Hill and Rock Creek were popular resorts 
long before the battle of Gettysburg was fought. 



76 



GETTYSBURG. 



ROCK CREBK, 




Has from time immemorial been the picnic ground of 
the citizens of Gettysburg. And to-day, fathers and 
mothers with their happy brood can frequently be seen 
with well-filled baskets, driving to this favorite resort, 
where they, with their fathers and mothers, have so 
often been before. The fine old forest, the adjacent 
fitream, and the diversified character of the scenery, 
afford ample amusement for the young and recreation 
for the aged. 



CULFS HILL. 77 

There is, probably, no place on the Gettysburg battle- 
field which presents such strong attractions as Gulp's 
Hill. It is natural that the visitor should wish to see 
some tangible evidence of the results of the battle. 
Many portions of the field have since been cultivated, 
and little remains to distinguish them from other and 
contiguous grounds. But here there is no mistaking 
the fact that some great and unusual event has oc- 
curred. The destruction of the forest is perhaps the 
most marked characteristic. In the midst of a healthy 
growth of fine old oak and hickory, many of the trees 
are battered and dying from the effects of the terrible 
musketry fire. Indeed, over acres they have already 
gone to decay, and are being blown to the ground by 
every storm.^ 

The remains of breastworks, occupied during the bat- 
tle, also form an interesting feature. It is to be regret- 
ted that greater efforts have not been made to preserve 
them ; and even now they could be easily rebuilt, and 
would make most appropriate mementoes and lasting 
monuments for the study of future generations." 

1 When the first edition of this work was written scores of bullet-scarred 
trees remained standing below the breastworks. 

2 These works were originally built of logs, which were taken away for 
fence-rails. The present^earthworks were rebuilt by the Memorial Associa- 
tion to mark the original line. 



78 



GETTYSBURG. 



From hero we follow the line of breastworks up and 
oyer Gulp's Hill, passing the position of Wads worth's 
division and Stevens' battery to the Baltimore turnpike. 
On reaching the pike we turn to the right, up the hill, 
and, turning again to the right, we revisit East Cemetery 
Hill, where the closing scenes of the second day's battle 
were enacted. 

EAST CEMETERY HILL. 



^"''^MounUin i 



Benner's Hill. 




Although the general view from East Cemetery HilJ 
is not as extensive as that from the Cemetery, the scen- 
ery is fine and imposing ; and historical associations 
make this a jilace of great interest and resort. We 



GETTYSBURG. 79 

have from this point an excellent view of the locality? 
of the first day's operations, particularly that of the 
Eleventh corps. 

Round Top is barely seen from this position; ts 
conical peak rising through the trees in the S. S. W., 
past the left of Evergreen Cemetery gate. At the 
left of Round Top the crest of Powers' Hill, g-io, 
occupied by General Slocum as head-quarters, just 
cuts the horizon. The Baltimore pike is still far- 
ther to the left. The bald hill in the foreground, 
southeast, is Stevens' Knoll, over which can be seen 
Wolf Hill in the distance. From the ledge on ita 
summit a pleasing landscape view may be had. Gulp's 
Hill is the next important feature. The remains of 
Wadsworth's field works can be seen climbing the 
height until lost in the forest. The cultivated ridge 
to the left of this, with a few scattering trees on the 
summit, is Benner's Hill. Rock Greek flows in the 
valley between. This ridge rises gradually on the 
left to a grove, which crowns the summit of Hos- 
pital Hill. To the left from this, and just to the right 
')f the town, is a group of brick buildings, known as the 
Almshouse, 0-15, around which was severe fighting on 
the first day. A smooth field to its right rises to Bar- 
low's Knoll. Over the centre of the town, and cut by 
the spire to the left, is Oak Hill. The crest extending 
from this towards the left, is Seminary Ridge. The 



80 TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTIONS. 

railroad " cut " can be seen at the left of the grove ; . 
and .still farther to the left the Theological Seminary. 
The cupola of the Springs Hotel rises beyond the 
grove. At the left from this, just at hand, is the Na- 
tional Soldiers' Orphans Home. The " lodge " and 
gateway of the National Cemetery is thi next object 3f 
interest ; and rising up to the left is the Cemetery itself, 
crowned by the National Monument. 

The grounds of East Cemetery Hill are owned by 
the " Gettysburg Memorial Association," which ac- 
counts for the defenses being kept in repair. This is 
one of the few locahties where hand-to-hand fighting 
actually occurred. In a book of this size but little can 
be said of the details of a battle so extensive ; the dif- 
ficulty, where so much is known, is to avoid giving 
them, although there is often a desire to know them. 
It is a mistake to suppose that our modern battles con- 
sist of desperate charges, bayonet thrusts, and cloven 
skuUs, as in the conflicts of the olden time. The fight- 
ing is mostly done at longer range. The improvement 
in the implements of warfare has wrought this change. 
There is but a single instance recorded in the reports 
of the battle of men being killed with a bayonet or 
wounded with a sabre. Colonel Jeffers of the 4th 
Michigan Volunteers was mortally wounded with a 
bayonet in the " wheat field " on the afternoon of the 
2d ; and General Wade Hampton is reported to have re- 



GETTYSBURG. 81 

ceived a sabre cut during his engagement with Gregg's 
cavalry on the right. This is a small proportion among 
the thousands killed and wounded at Gettysburg. But 
on the spot where we stand occurred a scene on /the 
night of the Qd, which embodied the magnificent 
charge, the firm defense, the fierce seething struggle 
of armed men, frenzied with the maddening influences 
of war. They fought w4th cannon, muskets, pistols, 
handspikes, rammers, clubs, stones, an?jtking with which 
an attack could be made or defense given. Here, in 
this immediate vicinity, occurred instances of personal 
bravery and intrepidity seldom surpassed. An attack 
was made on this position in the dusk of evening by 
Hayes' and HoJces brigades of Early s division, a de- 
scription of which will be found on another page. The 
Union line, Baelow's division, commanded by General 
Ames, lay along the stone wall at the base of the hill. 
Wiedrich's New York battery was posted behind the 
redans north of the cross-wall. Stuart's battery, B, 4th 
U. S., stood towards the Cemetery in the field and road. 
RiCKETTs' Pennsylvania battery was on the south of the 
wall, with Reynolds' New York battery still farther 
down the hill. They were firing at Johnson's division 
of infantry, which could be seen passing the opening 
between Benner's and Gulp's hills, as it advanced to at- 
tack the Twelfth corps' position. Suddenly the skir- 
mishers came rushing in,, firing as they retreated, and 



^^2 ASSAULT ON EAST CEMETERY HILL. 

reported an immediate attack on this point ; and soon a 
long line of battle stretching through the valley and 
across the ridge, came sweeping in upon them, with the 
impetuosity of the whirlwind. The guns were depressed 
as quickly as possible, but not in time to be as effective 
as a more level surface would have made them. Thf 
Union infantry lines were broken and scattered like 
chaff from the summer threshing floor, and the wild 
assailants followed their beaten adversaries, through 
showers of canister, into the very batteries where we 
stand, seizing guns, spiking others, and for a moment 
holding this important position in their possession. 
Officers dashed hither and thither, their voices ringing 
high above the din and clang of battle. Men raved, im- 
plored, swore, and cried, by turns in the mad excitement 
of the moment.^ Here, south of the wall, at Ricketts 
left gun, a Confederate lieutenant dashed boldly up and 
seized the battery's guidon. Private Riggin, its bearer, 
drew his revolver and shot him dead ; at the same mo- 
ment a minie-ball severed the staff, and Riggin fell a 
corpse with that of his adversary. Lieutenant WorcedeTy 

1 The importance of this position and the probability of its being attacked, 
seems to have impressed itself upon the officers in command. But a short 
time before the assault, while General Amks was explaining to Captain 
Ricketts its value as a key point position, and the necessity for holding it, 
Colonel Waixwright added, " In case you are charged you wi'J not limber 
up under any circumstances, but fight your battery to the last." This order 
was communicated to the men, who, being naturally intelligent, felt theii 
reaponsibility when the attack came. 



GETTYSBURG. 80 

7tli Louisiana, charged into the battery, and laying hia 
hand on a gun, demanded its surrender, but was 
instantly brained by a blow with a handspike in the 
hands of one of the gunners. Here, at the third 
gun from the wall, a Confederate sergeant, musket 
in hand, sprang upon Sergeant Stafford and de- 
manded his surrender. He was answered by Lieutenant 
Bkoceway of the battery, who coming quickly behind, 
with a stone he had seized, felled him to the ground. 
Stafford caught the musket and fired, wounding him 
severely ; and in the fury of the moment clubbed the 
gun and, but for the interposition of Captain Ricketts, 
would have killed him on the spot. 

These are but a few of the startling incidents of that 
fearful struggle. 

Why ! what is there in this beautiful locality to indi- 
cate that it is the theatre where was once enacted such 
a fearful drama? What in this old stone wall to attract 
tlie attention of the passer-by ? Yet here, where the 
grass grows so freshly, and the modest flower timidly 
opens its petals to the gladdening light of heaven, men, 
clothed in the image of their Creator ; brothers, who 
should have extended the friendly grasp, frenzied by 
the maddening influences of political strife, with the 
mania of savage beasts, writhed and strove in mortal 
combat. Here at this wall. General Ames succeeded in 
rallying the regiments of his old brigade as they were 



84 REPULSE OF EARLY'S ASSAULT. 

pushed back through the guns of the battery.^ Here 
the ferocious combatants stood and glared into each 
other's eyes, so near indeed, that they could almost 
breathe the hot breath of their adversaries. The brave 
color-bearer of the 107th Ohio, Sergeant Geible, 
sprang upon the wall, and defiantly waved his flag in 
the very faces of his opponents. The satisfaction 
was but momentary. He was shot, and the colors 
fell on the opposite side ; but had scarce touched the 
ground before Adjutant Young cleared the wall, and 
snatched them from the very grasp of his foe ! The 
color-bearer of the 8th Louisiana " Tigers," in his 
enthusiasm dashed gallantly forward, waving his flag 
as he advanced ; seeing which Adjutant Young, re- 
volver in hand, with one desperate leap sprang into 
the opposing ranks, seized the staff", and shot the color- 
bearer in his tracks. But be too was shot ; a minie- 
ball passed through his left arm, and pierced his lung ; 
a Confederate officer aimed a fearful blow at his head, 
which was skillfully parried by Lieutenant Suhrer; 
and reeling to his regiment, still clinging to the flag, 
he sank into the arms of Sergeant-major Bricker, and 
was saved ! And General Ames promoted him to a 
captaincy on his staff", for his bravery. 

1 The C'oiifeilerate charge swept the right of the 75th Ohio up the hill, but 
the reniaiiuler of the regiment, with a portion of the 25th Ohio, remained 
down at the wall. 



SECOND DAY'S BATTLE. 85 

Before Johnson s division advanced to attack the 
Twelfth corps on Gulp's Hill on the evening of 
the 2d, it lay behind Benner's Hill, eis. When it 
advanced it was shelled by the batteries on East Ceme- 
tery Hill, through an opening which then existed 
between Benner's Hill and Gulp's Hill, but which is 
now closed by the growth of trees. Just at that time, 
Haijs and Hakes brigades, e-i4, of Early s division 
(wdiich had been lying in the valley hidden by the hill 
at the northeast), advanced to attack Barloav's divis- 
ion on East Gemetery Hill, e-is, as alread}^ described. 
Barlow's division was commanded by General Ames. 

As Early s line advanced, it received a flank fire 
from Stevens' oth Maine battery, in position on 
Stevens' Knoll. But the guns on East Gemetery Hill 
could not be sufficiently depressed to be very effective ; 
General Ames' line was broken, Wiedrich's battery, e-i3, 
was captured, one or more of Ricketts' guns, e-i3, were 
spiked ; but all the guns were eventually retaken, and 
the line was restored by the arrival of Garroll's 
brigade, e-i3, from its position with the Second corps, eh, 
assisted by some Eleventh corps regiments which 
General Howard sent over from the Gemetery. The 
dash of Early s command to the crest of East Gem- 
etery Hill and its repulse ended the engagement, and 
proved to be the flood-mark of the second day's battle. 

General Lee has been criticised for not abandoning 
the contest at the close of the second day. But it is 



86 GETTYSBURG. 

a question whether he would not have received still 
severer criticism had he done so ; for the Confederacy 
could never have known what the result of the third 
day's battle would have been, without the trial. The 
morale of the Army of Northern Virginia was never 
better than it was on the morning of July 1st, 1863. 
Victory crowned its efforts on the first day. And, 
although the success had not been so great on the 
second, still many important advantages had been 
gained. For General Lee, who had been successful on 
so many fields, to abandon the fight at the first 
symptom of reverse, required a greater amount of 
moral courage than he possessed. 

In the light of experience, public opinion will favor 
General Longstreefs advice, given at the time, to 
^' flank the Army of the Potomac by its left, place the 
Army of Northern Virginia between it and Washing- 
ton, select its own ground, and offer battle in a 
defensive position," conditions which General Meade 
would have been compelled to accept. But the blood 
of the Army of Northern Virginia was up; success 
at Gettysburg meant a recognition of the Confederacy, 
in the belief of General Lee. He took the chances, — 
and lost ! 

General Lees first object now was to secure the 
foothold which Johnson had gained at Culp's Hill, f-u. 
It was of the utmost importance to retain this 
vantage-ground, as it was within a few hundred yards 



THIRD DAYS BATTLE. 87 

of General Meade's headquarters, eh, and in rear 
of the XTnion line of battle ; and more particularly as 
these troops would be in a favorable position to 
co-operate with the grand effort about to be made 
by General Longstreet, to sever the main line of battle 
by assault. 

THIRD day's battle. 

All night long, troops of both armies were hurrying 
towards Gulp's Hill. Ruger's division and Kane's 
and Candy's brigades of Geary's division of the 
Twelfth corps returned before midnight, only to find 
their works occupied by Steuarfs troops. 

General Johnson brought Walker s and SmitJts bri- 
gades up to strengthen his position, f-i5, and General 
Lee sent to him DanieVs and O'NeaVs brigades all the 
way around from near the Seminary, D-12. As each 
successive body of Union troops retinnied on the night 
of the 2d, General Williams assigned it a posi- 
tion and gave his personal attention to reforming 
his lines, while General Slocum directed his chief of 
artillery to place several batteries in position on 
Powers Hill, and on the plateau above the Baltimore 
pike, with orders to open a cross-fire on that portion 
of the works which Steuart had seized. 

With the first streak of daylight, the artillery fire 
opened. Johnson had already marshaled his forces, 
but, having no guns in position with which to reply 



88 GETTYSBURG. 

to the furious cannonade, he ordered his infantry to 
charge ; and time after time his cokimns were hurled 
against the Union breastworks onl}' to be repulsed and 
driven back. Lockwood's brigade was brought up to 
reinforce General Geary. General Wadsworth of 
the First corps also sent several regiments down to his 
assistance. Later in the morning, Shaler's brigade 
was hurried from Round Top, and two regiments were 
thrown into the works. Eustis' brigade of the Sixth 
corps was also ordered over, but was not needed. 

Finally, after the most desperate resistance, Johnson 
was compelled to withdraw, and by 11 o'clock in the 
morning the works were re-occupied, and the battle 
on Gulp's Hill was ended. 

From 11 o'clock until 1 o'clock an unusual quiet 
prevailed all along the lines. It was an ominous 
stillness, which only served to heighten the effect 
of the grand pyrotechnic display which followed. 

POSTING THE ARTILLERY. 

General Hunt, chief of artillery of the Union 
army, occupied every available position with guns from 
Powers- Hill, gi2, East Cemetery, ei3, and Cemetery 
Hills, £12, on the right, and along Cemetery Ridge to 
Little Round Top, g-3, on the left ; while General 
Pendleton, the Confederate chief of artillery, occupy- 
ing the outer circle, was able to place even a greater 
number of guns in position along the Intermediate 



POSTING THE ARTILLERY. 89 

Ridge and on Seminary Ridge, on his right, to Hos- 
pital Hill, D18, and Benner's Hill, em, on his left. 

In addition to these preparations for an artillery 
fight. General Lomjstreet was ordered to form a column 
of attack with which to assault the Union lines at 
the propitious moment. This column consisted of 
Picketfs division in two lines of battle on his right, 
Ileth's division, commanded by General Fettigrew, on 
his left, and Scales and Lanes brigades of Fenders 
division, commanded by General Trimble, in support; 
while the right flank was covered by Wilcox and 
Ferrijs brigades, and his left flank by Thomas', Mc- 
Gowcms, and Ramseurs brigades. 

In addition to these preparations, General Stuart, 
with his cavalry, was ordered to gain a position on the 
right and rear of the Union army, from which a demon- 
stration could be made to co-operate with Longstreefs 
assault in front ; and Stuart would also be in position 
to take the Union army in reverse should Longstreefs 
assault be successful. 

But, in the mean time, General Meade, foreseeing 
such an emergency, had dispatched General Gregg 
with his cavalry, under orders to take up a position 
on the right of the army, where he would be able 
to checkmate any movement which General Lee might 
contemplate. General Gregg arrived just in season 
to "head off" General Stuart, who was already moving 
around to get in rear of the Army of the Potomac. 



90 gettysbuiKt. 

Custer's brigade of Kilpatkick's division, which was 
near, was ordered by General Gregc; to remain, which 
it did, and, with McIntosh's brigade, was heavily 
engaged in the cavalry fight which followed. J. Irvin" 
Gregg's brigade was in position on the rig4it of the 
infantry, but was not engaged. General Stuarfs com- 
mand consisted of Wade Hampton's, Fitzhugh Lees, 
IF. H. F. Lees, and Jenkins' brigades, with several 
batteries. This cavalry fight was a peculiarly inter- 
esting feature of the l^attle. It was closely contested, 
and with marked results. 



VISITING THE THIRD DAY S FIELD. 

To visit to advantage the different localities where 
these movements took place, and to avoid going twice 
over the same ground, the tourist is advised to drive 
down the Taneytown road, visiting as he does so 
General Meade's headquarters, eh, which were at the 
little white cottage on the right, next below the Ceme- 
tery. Taking this route, he will also pass General 
Pleasonton's headquarters, F-a, farther down, on the 
right. Several monuments have been erected there to 
cavalry organizations which were on detached service 
at the time of the battle. The drive should be con- 
tinued to the position of Russell's brigade, a-i, back 
of Round Top. This brigade occupied the extreme 
left of the infantry line of the Union army on the 



THE rXION LEFT FLANK. 91 

third day, its position being on the east side of the 
Taneytown road with its right resting at the road. 
Turning here into Wright Avenue, a picturesque drive 
winds up between the Round Tops, g 2. That portion 
of Wright Avenue between the Taneytown road and 
Round Top was occupied by Grant's Vermont, brigade. 
The old stone wall in the valley connecting the Round 
Tops was thrown up on the 4th of July for breast- 
works, but was not occupied during the battle. It 
runs to the top of Round Top, and was occupied by 
Fisher's brigade of Pennsylvania Reserves, and by 
the 9th Massachusetts Volunteers, while the 20th 
Maine and 83d Pennsylvania Volunteers were near 
the summit, but on the western face. A good foqt- 
path leads to the summit ; and here, from the observa- 
tory, an extensive and magnificent view of the sur- 
rounding country may be obtained. Returning to the 
carriage, the tourist should next turn down in front 
of Round Top to the avenue which leads along the 
line of Kilpatrick's division, ei, to 

THE UNION LEFT FLANK. 

Just after leaving the woods at the foot of Round 
Top, the driveway passes through an opening in an 
improvised stone w^all, which was thrown up by Law's 
Alabama brigade for a breastwork, and was occupied 
by it on the 3d. In the open field beyond, the avenue 
passes the spot where the gallant General Farns- 



92 GETTYSBURG. 

WORTH fell, at the head of a detachment of the 1st 
Vermont cavalry, dining a charge which severed the 
Confederate line. This avenue winds its picturesque 
way through a deep forest, and among scenes of great 
beauty. It is intended to continue it two miles 
beyond Round Top, to the Emmittsburg road. It will 
embrace the positions occupied by Farns worth's and 
Merritt's brigades of cavalry on the third day. 
Turning back, the tourist should drive to the Devil's 
Den, F2, and continue up the valley through which 
Craw^ford Avenue leads, to which portions of Wofford's, 
KershaiDS, Semmes, and Anderso?is brigades advanced, 
on the 2d, and across which Ayres' regular infantry, 
and McCandless' brigade of Pennsylvania Reserves, 
fought the same evening, F-2,4. 

After visiting the position of Nevin's brigade, fs, 
a turn should be made toward the east, over the 
Wheat-field road, to Sedgwick Avenue, g-5. 

As the tourist drives towards town, he will pass 
the position of Eustis' brigade on liis immediate right, 
and on the left, the position where Nea^x's brigade 
formed its original line of battle, on the evening of 
the 2d, G5. 

The position of Torbert's brigade, f-6, is next on the 
right, and is marked by its brigade monument occupy- 
ing a commanding position. Sedgwick Avenue ends 
and Hancock Avenue commences at the cross-road, f-6, 
which leads back to the Taneytown road. The bat- 



"COPSE OF TREES." 93 

teries of McGilvery's brigade of artillery, f-7, occupied 
the position of the present road-bed of Hancock Avenue 
on July 3d ; while Caldwell's division of infantry 
lay among the guns, and on the east side. 

The excursion-railroad which crosses at this point, f-7, 
is an extension of the Gettysburg and Harrisburg road, 
and has been built since the battle. Hancock Avenue 
continues northward, crossing the position of Double- 
'day's division, f7,8. Stannard's brigade was on the 
west of the roadway, near which General Hancock 
was wounded, and Rowley's and Dana's brigades 
were to the right on the east side. North of Double- 
day's division, the avenue leads along the line of 
Gibbon's division. The positions of Harrow's and 
Hall's brigades are passed to the famous 

" COPSE OF TREES," 

where Webb's brigade lay. This peculiar landmark 
was used to guide the movements of Longstreefs 
assault on the 3d. Immediately north of these trees 
stands a tablet which marks the spot where General 
Armistead fell, at the head of the charging column. 
Longstreefs assault was made by FicJceifs and IletJis 
divisions, the latter commanded by General Fettigreio, 
and two brig-ades of Fenders division, commanded by 
General Trimble. Ficketfs division consisted of Ar7ni- 
stead's, Kemper s, and Gdrnetfs brigades ; Heth's divis- 
ion, of Archers, Fettlgrews, Davis, and BrocJcen- 



94 GETTYSBURG. 

l)oroug1is brigades,^ which assaulted this position. It 
was here that one of the most gallant charges recorded 
in history terminated : here that the tide of success 
of the Confederacy turned ; from this spot the 
defeated troops fell back, and never again made a 
successful stand. This was, indeed, the " high-water 
mark of the Rebellion ! " 

REPULSE OF LONGSTREET's ASSAULT. 

The copse of trees which marks the scene of Long- 
street's repulse will always be the central point of 
interest for visitors to this field. At one o'clock on 
the afternoon of July 3d, the Confederate artillery 
fire opened, and a hurricane of missiles went slirieking 
through the air : solid shot and shell, slirapnel and 
spherical case, and every invention which the ingenuity 
of man has suggested, was brought into requisition ; 
the very earth trembled with the concussion. It 
ceased at last, and out from yonder groves emerged a 
line of battle, and then another, and yet a third 
moved out, and this enormous column swept grandly 
on. Tlie stillness wliich pervaded the Union ranks 
was awful ! The soldiers held their breath ; past 
experience taught them that the decisive moment of 
the battle was at hand. It seemed impossible to 
resist this living, moving avalanche of men. As the 
lines rose from the valley, the artillery from Cemetery 
Hill, E-12, to Little Round Top, f-3, opened a converging 



REPULSE OF LONGSTREET'S ASSAULT. 95 

fire upon the advancing foe. Shot and shell now tore 
through their ranks; dust and smoke enveloped the 
seething mass, through which in pitiless fury showers 
of canister swept. Yet on they marched ! The 
Emmittsburg road is crossed, and from lines in blue 
behind yonder wall leap sheets of livid flame, deluging 
all with a shoAver of lead. The column hesitates, and 
returns the fire ; then dashes madly on. Men went 
down by hundreds and thousands, and, in the mad 
desperation of the moment, the dead and dying were 
trampled by their enthusiastic comrades who strove 
to reach the wall, or by those who ran with wild 
panic through the ranks, and fled beyond the hills from 
which they had emerged. 

The double hue of Hays' division, on the right, rose 
from behind the stone wall, and delivered its fire into 
the very faces of the advancing foe. The guns of 
Woodruff's battery were run forward, turned to their 
left, and enfiladed the column with canister, crowding 
it off towards Webb's front. Still onward marched 
these brave men, up to the stone wall behind which 
Webb's front line lay, piercing it and driving back 
the right of the line, which fell back to the crest, 
and united with the second line. General Armistead, 
with his hat raised high on the point of his sword, 
sprang over the wall, followed by a few score of his 
men. It was a moment of terrible suspense, and 
victory hung trembling in the balance. At that in- 



96 GETTYSBURG. 

stant Hall's second line (42d New York and 19th 
Massachusetts) on Webb's left charged in and attacked 
Ariidstead in flank. Hall's front line, and Harrow's 
brigade, and two regiments of Rowley's brigade, 
rushed up from the left, and joined in the fray. Two 
regiments of Stannard's brigade, on Rowley's left, 
moved rapidly by the right flank, changed front for- 
ward on first battalion, and poured volley after volley 
into Ficl-etfs right. The 8th Ohio infantry opened 
on Pettigreios left. A converging fire of musketiy 
was now concentrated on the Confederate column, — 
and Longstreet' s assault was repulsed ! 

General Garnett fell dead within twenty-five feet 
of tlie wall he tried so hard to capture ; General 
Arm/stead lay mortally wounded within the Union 
lines ; General Kemper was supposed to be mortally 
wounded, although he recovered ; General Pettigreiv, 
commanding Hetlis division (which charged with 
P'(eket£s division), was slightly wounded in this charge, 
and was mortally wounded during the retreat to 
Virginia which followed. Colonel Fry, commanding 
Archer s brigade, and Colonel Marshall, commanding 
PettifjreiD s brigade, were both wounded and taken pris- 
oners ; thousands of gallant men lay cold in death, or 
were more or less seriously wounded ; and 4,500 men 
threw down their arms, and came in prisoners of war ! 

General Trimble, commanding Sccdes' and Lanes 
brigades of Pender s division, suffered the loss of a leg, 



NATIONAL CEMETERY. 97 

and was captured, and the casualties in both field and 
Une officers were heavy. 

The loss in the Union army, though not as great, 
was severe. General Hancock was conspicuous wher- 
ever his presence was needed, and fell desperately 
wounded far to the front. Colonel Sherpjll. com- 
manding Willard's brigade, was killed. General 
Gibbon, commanding the Second division, Second 
corps, was seriously wounded. Generals Webb and 
Stannard, and Colonel Smyth, commanding brigades, 
were also wounded, and large numbers of officers and 
men lay scattered over the field. General Meade 
arrived on this part of the field at the moment of vic- 
tory, and was received with a wild hurrah by his men. 
As the tourist continues his drive from the copse 
of trees towards town, he will pass the entrance to 
Meade Avenue on his right, which leads down to the 
general headquarters of the Union Army. Continuing 
on Hancock Avenue, he will drive between the posi- 
tions occupied by Smyth's brigade, on his left, and 
Sherrill's brigade, on his right. Before reaching the 
Taneytown road, the tourist will pass several monu- 
ments of First corps troops which arrived on this part 
of the line just as the enemy was repulsed. 

NATIONAL CEMETERY. 

From this point the visitor should drive to the 
National Cemetery, E-12. It will be hard to realize 



98 GETTYSBURG. 

that the location of these beautiful, well kept grounds, 
with their luxuriant foliage, was simply a barren, 
worn-out field at the time of the battle. Here be- 
hind the broken-down stone walls the troops of the 
Eleventh corps lay, Von Steinweiir's division for the 
three days, and Schurz' division during the second 
and third days ; while the entire hill from the Balti- 
more pike to the crest was filled with artillery. At 
the time when the battle was fought, this hill afforded 
an unobstructed view of almost the entire field ; but 
now it is changed, and we have beautiful shrubbery 
at the expense of a magnificent landscape view. 

Gregg's and stuart's cavalry field. 

The examination of the battle-field will not be 
complete without a visit to the scene of Gregg's and 
Stuarfs cavalry fight, on the third day. 

This lies about four miles northeast from the village 
of Gettysburg, and one mile beyond the right of the 
infantry line on Wolf Hill (although at the time 
of the battle a skirmish line connected the cavalry 
with the infantry). It is approached either by the 
York turnpike, which will bring the tourist upon that 
part of the field occupied by the Confederate forces ; 
by the Hanover road, the Baltimore pike, White 
Run, and Low Dutch road, or the tourist may follow 
the line of battle over Gulp s Hill to Wolf Hill, 
and then turn to the left to the Hanover road. 



GREGG'S AND STUART'S CAVALRY FIELD. 99 

These three last named routes approach the Union 
position. It is important that the veteran who may 
visit the field go by the route he took at the time 
of the battle, as the position may be more readily 
recognized. But if the tourist goes there simply for 
an interesting and* pleasant drive, he is advised to go 
first to Gulp's Hill, e-u, following over it by the line 
of breastworks ; then continuing past McAllister's Mill, 
he can cross Eock Creek, and visit the position of 
Neill's brigade, G-12, on Wolf Hill, which, as already 
explained, was the extreme right of the infantry line 
of battle on the 3d. From there a hundred-rod drive 
will bring him into a country road which passes 
east of Wolf Hill, in rear of a rocky height known 
to the citizens of Gettysburg as " Goose Heaven." 
This locality has long been known as a pleasure resort. 
The Fifth corps halted near here on its arrival upon 
the field early on the 2d ; but it was subsequently 
withdrawn, and moved over to Rock Creek, on the 
Baltimore turnpike ; and from there was ordered in 
to reinforce General Sickles on the left of the line. 
The country road which leads out to the Hanover 
road is shady and pleasant, and the visitor passes 
en 7'oute the monument of the 16th Pennsylvania 
cavalry. This regiment was deployed as skirmishers 
on the 3d, and formed the connecting link between 
the right of the infantry of Neill's brigade and 
Gregg's cavalry, J. Irvix Gregg's brigade being 



100 GETTYSBURG. 

massed in rear of the 16th Pennsylvania cavalry. A 
position temporarily reached on the evening of the 
2d is shown l)y the monument of the 10th New York 
cavalry, north of the Hanover road. The visitor can 
continue hy this road out to the field of Gregg's and 
Stuai'fs cavalry engagement, near the junction of the 
Hanover and Low Dutch roads, in which McIntosh's, 
Custer's and J. Irvin Gregg's brigades of Union 
cavalry and Hmnjjtons, Fitzlmgh Lees, W. H. F. Lees 
(ChmnhNss), and Jenkins'' brigades of Gonfederate 
cavalry had a desperate encounter on the afternoon 
of the third day, at the same hour that Longstreefs 
assault was being made. Avenues have been opened 
leading to the centre of the field of cavalry operations, 
which is now marked by two massive monuments ; 
one erected by Gregg's division, and the other by the 
State of Michigan, to mark the field of the engage- 
ment of Custer's brigade. 

Those wishing to visit the field as it was approached 
by the Confederate troops should go by the York pike, 
from which a country road leads in to the position 
occupied by Stuarfs cavalry. The field of Gregg's 
and Stuart's cavalry fight can be reached most quickly 
by driving to it directly by the Hanover road. 

SHORT GEXERAL TOUR OF THE FIELD. 

If the visitor has not the time or inclination to study 
the grand tactics which preceded the battle, or does 



SHORT GENERAL TOUR OF THE FIELD. 101 

not care to visit in consecutive order the various parts 
of the field on which the engagement was fought, 
he can make a general tour by driving along the first 
day's field of operations by the route already described, 
continuing through the town, towards the left ; either 
along Seminary Ridge, or by the Emmittsburg road. 
After examining the vicinity of the Peach Orchard, 
he can drive along Sickles Avenue, to the Devil's Den, 
then to the position of Kilpatrick's cavalry. Return- 
ing, he can drive to Little Round Top, and go home by 
Sedswick and Hancock Avenues, visiting the Cemetery 
en route. After dinner, he can drive to Gulp's Hill, fol- 
lowing the line of breastworks to Spangler's Meadow, 
and from there he can continue the drive past McAllis- 
ter's Mill, over Wolf Hill, passing the position of 
Neill's brigade; the extreme right of the infantry 
line. 

From the point occupied by the right of Neill's 
brigade, a drive over the picturesque country road can 
be taken to the Hanover road, wdiich leads to the 
position of Gregg's and Stuart's cavalry fight. If 
this route is selected, it will give a good general idea 
of the battle-field, and may be made in one day. 

Gettysburg is frequented by several distinct classes. 
Some for a transient visit, others to study all the 
details of the engagement ; and still others remain 
there for weeks to enjoy the beautiful scenery and fine 
drives, for which the vicinity is noted. 



CARRIAGE DRIVES. 




T will often happen that the health 
of visitors will not admit of their 
going to the cupola of the Theo- 
logical Seminary; or they may 
not find it convenient to do so. 
Although there is no other point 
which fuUy compensates for this 
magnificent view, a drive on the 
Chambersburg turnpike will assist greatly 
in understanding the opening of the battle. It is weU, 
however, to read fhst the description from the cupola. 
As you enter the Chambersburg turnpike from town' 
and move across the flat ground, D-12, Seminary Ridge 
lays before you. When the Union troops came in on 
the first day of the battle they moved along the fields 
at your left, and crossed the ridge at and near the 
Seminary. Still later, when Robinson's division came 
up it rested here ; Baxter's brigade at the right along 



1 Guests at the Springs Hotel will understand the battle better to drive 
here and go upon the turnpike. 

102 



THE CHA^IBERSBURG TURNPIKE. IQS 

the railroad bed; while Paul's brigade passed the 
Seminary, and threw up temporary breastworks in 
the grove : Oak Hill is the w^ooded summit off at your 
right, B-14. It was here that Rodes' division and Car^ 
iers artillery came first upon the field. Baxter's bri- 
gade then hurried to the right and formed along the 
crest, where you see the scattering trees, and scon 
after Paul's brigade was sent to reinforce it. If you 
look farther to the right you see the Pennsylvania Col- 
lege in the suburbs, d-k, used as a Confederate hospital. 
It was beyond this that the Eleventh corps formed 
when it came up, and when Early s division came it was 
through the grove seen on the hill beyond. Looking 
to the left the first object is the excursion road and 
Springs Hotel avenue, which have been constructed 
since the battle. Looking over these, the eye sweeps 
away into the south. A portion of the fields across 
which Lo7ig streets charge was made can be seen in the 
distance. When the Union line was finally forced back 
on the 1st, the Confederate troops came around the east 
of Oak Hill directly toward this road, and having also 
outflanked the Union line on the left, their skirmishers 
came over Seminary Ridge, and as the troops, infantry 
and artillery, retreated down this road, and on the bed 
of the railroad, they received a skirmish fire from both 
flanks. The Theological Seminary at our left was occu- 
pied during and after the battle as a Union hospital. 



104 



GETTYSBURG. 



SEMINARY RIDGE, 




Having reached the crest of the ridge let us stop 
and examine the position. Looking along the turn- 
pike, the eye falls upon a succession of undulations. 
Buford's Ridge is clirectly in our front, McPherson's 
Ridge is beyond, while Herr's Ridge, a half mile dis- 
tant, will be known by the old Brick Tavern located 
on it, A-ii. Buford's cavalry bivouacked the night be- 
fore the battle on the ridge in our front ; advancing 
Calef's battery to McPherson's Ridge, B-12. At the 



MCPHERSON'S RIDGE. 105 

close of the first day's engagement the Confederate 
troops advanced to Seminary Ridge. Traces of their 
breastworks may still be seen between the turnpike 
and Seminary. 

Looking eastward, we have a fine view of the town, 
and many prominent features of the field may be seen. 
(See description from Seminary cupola.) If the engage- 
ments of the visitor will not admit of spending much 
time with the first day's operations, this is the place to 
turn back. If we continue our drive we pass the valley 
through which Cutler's brigade moved into line across 
the railroad at the right, and it was also here that the 
'6th Wisconsin Volunteers, 95th New York, and 14th 
New York State Militia made a change from left to 
right, and captured the 2d Mississippi in the railroad 

cut. 

Mcpherson's ridge. 

To reach this point we have crossed Buford's Ridge 
and passed the McPherson farm buildings. It was on 
this crest that Calef's battery was posted when the 
battle commenced ; the first Union gun of the battle 
was fired by Lieutenant Roder's section. The ground 
rises northward gradually to Oak Hill, which at the 
time of the battle was covered with timber. Carter*a 
artillery, in position there, could enfilade the line of 
Union troops laying here, making it necessary to get 
shelter behind the bmldings, and under cover of the 



106 



GETTYSBURG. 



road-bed. General Reynolds was killed in the grove 
to our left. Brockenhoroagh's brigade also fought at the 
left, and Archer s in the grove. PeUigrew's was south 
of it, and subsequently Pender s division advanced over 
the same ground. Willoughby Run is crossed in the 
valley as we drive to 

herr's ridqb. 




Here on the morning of July 1, 1863, the battle 
commenced. • Two guns which stood on the turnpike 
by the tavern engaged Calef's battery on McPher- 
eon's Ridge, as previously explained. This is the west- 



HERR'S RroGE. 107 

ern limit of active field operations. There are lihree 
routes to return to the village, namely, via the turn- 
pike, on which we came, or go to the left along the 
crest, and take the first left turn to town, entering 
by the Millerstown road, which is a pleasant drive, 
or turn to the right to the Mummasburg pike, and 
return via Oak Hill, which should be visited, and will 
particularly interest military men ; this leads into town 
past the Pennsylvania College. A longer yet much 
more picturesque road will be found, if we continue 
along the turnpike and examine the banks of 

MARSH CREEK. 

We leave behind the field of mortal strife, where 
every hill and dale, and rock and rill marks the history 
of some tragic deed ; where 

« The death shot hissing from afar, 
The shock, the shout, the groans of war," 

Btill linger in the memory of the past ; and turning 
our course toward the west, look out on a landscape of 
agricultural beauty and fruitfulness. The South Moun- 
tain range rises proudly before us. With what interest 
every changing hue is marked ; now the broad sun- 
light spreads over all its rich mantle of loveliness, and 
anon the deep cloud shadows, tinged with violet and 
blue, chase each other up the rugged steep; now 
creeping stealthily along the mountain sides, now van- 



108 GETTYSBURG. 

ishing in some unseen gorge ; then, springing from hill- 
top to hill-top, are lost forever. How beautiful are the 
way-side farms with their broad fields, rich vineyards, 
luxuriant gardens, well-filled barns, and cozy homes, 
ornamented with shade-trees and flowers, sure indica- 
tions of industry and content. 

And thus the road leads on over successive undula- 
tions, each presenting new and ever-changing scenes, 
down to the peaceful waters of Marsh Creek. And 
here so quiet it is, indeed, that it seems unfair to in- 
sinuate that aught but peace ever dwelt in a place so 
beautiful ; but this is the spot where Buford's men 
met the Confederate advance on the first morning of 
the battle. From yonder hill, across the stream, the 
first artillery shot was fired. We will not call back the 
scene to mar the interest in a pleasant drive ; but from 
the bridge turn up the stream, which can be followed 
for miles as it winds its quiet way, overhung by a 
shadowy grove. We can now return direct to town ; 
or if time permits drive to the mountains, a half- 
dozen miles distant The scenery changes when our 
route brings us near the top of the hill, and many 
fine extended views present themselves, as the eye 
stretches away over a vast area. Indeed, we look down 
into the town of Gettysburg as upon a panorama, and 
with a good glass the people can be seen moving in 
the streets. At the proper season there is said to be 



A CHARJ^HNG RESORT. 



109 



fine trout fishing in this locaUty. To get the full ben- 
efit of the view from the mountain, this drive should 
De made after midday. 



MAiisn ('kp:ek. 




"In genial spring, beneath the quivcrincj shade, 
Where cooling vapors breathe along the mead, 
The patient fisher takes his silent stand. 
Intent, his angle trembling in his hand." 

One of the most enjoyable retreats in the vicinity 
of Gettysburg is at Marsh Creek, south of the Cham- 
bersburg turnpike. Drive to the bridge, cross and 



110 GETTYSBURG. 

turn to the left, enter the gateway, and we reach at 
once a spot of rare beauty and loveliness. Everything 
seems vivacious with an overflowing newness of life. 
We follow down the lazy stream, choosing our own 
path, for no track cuts the soft, rich tapestry with 
whici the surface is spread. Here we voluntarily 
leave the carriage and i-oaui at will along the rich 
bottom, and, seated on some gnarled root, or moss-clad 
knoll, minds moulded by the spirit of nature drink in 
the view, and enjoy the inunense repose of the scene. 
What a magnificent spot! you involuntarily exclaim. 
The grove is like a beautiful banqueting hall, where, 
upheld by pillars of mighty oak, a rich canopy of 
green shuts out the dazzling rays of light, save here 
and there, where, breaking through the leaves, the 
golden sheen of a midsummer's day penetrates the cool 
retreat. 

The character of the surface will prevent your riding 
far, but the carriage can return and meet the party at 
Weigle's Mill, a half mile below. ^ The walk through 
the forest is interesting, and can be easily made by 
ladies. Several mill-dams are passed, afibrding ample 
facilities for fishing. Indeed, the walk to Bream's 
Tavern, two and one half miles, is along the stream, 

1 To go to Wfiglo's Mill: drive back the Cliainbersbnrg turnpike to the 
♦irst road to the right, down which you turn a short ilistance .to the mill. 
T]wn, if the party wish, you can reverse the next route given, and by i< 
return to town. 



BREAM'S TAVERN. m 

generally sheltered by shade trees, and embraces many 
interesting bits of scenery, particularly to those artist- 
ically inclined. 

bream's TAVERN". 

The direct route to this locality from town is out the 
Milleri5town road; but the more picturesque one will 
be to turn to the right after passing Buford's Ridge, 
and follow a winding course along a country road. 
Ha\'ing forded Willoughby Run we climb a hill, on 
which once stood the finest country residence in Adams 
County. Of this nothing now remains but blackened 
ruins, a sad reminder of the terrible ravages of war. 
The grove beyond sheltered the skirmishers of Petti- 
c/retv's brigade. The buildings were occupied by a 
detachment from the 20th New York State Militia. 
Shots were exchanged, and a sharp fusilade kept up. 
It is reported that when the final charge was made, 
and these buildings were passed, the chaplain of the 
62d North Carolina regiment, believing in his enthu- 
siasm that the Confederate cause required it, applied 
the torch, notwithstanding the earnest remonstrance of 
the old man and his daughter in charge. The private 
roadway leading to the Springs Hotel is just beyond, 
along which its guests should drive to make the trip to 
Bream's Tavern. From this we continue to the crest, 
and down the opposite slope, through the valley and 
up the rise. On the summit a road leads to the right 



112 



GETTYSBURG. 



along the crest to Herr's Tavern, on the Chambersburg 
turnpike, and a very pleasant drive it makes. Beyond 
this another road turns to the left, and leads through a 
fine agricultural country down to Bream's Tavern. 



BREAM S MILL. 




SPRINGS HOTEL — CUPOLA. 



113 



It may not always be convenient for guests of the 
Springs Hotel to visit the field. Discussions may 
arise about different localities, and if it is desired to 
settle some important point, and the visitor has not 
the time at his disposal for a long drive, a visit to 
the cupola will nearly always answer the purpose, 
and, at any rate, the view will repay the effort. 

SPRINGS HOTEL CUPOLA. 



South Mountain ^ 




The guests of the Springs Hotel will be surprised, on 
first visiting the cupola, with the fine view which it 
affords. Facing the east, looking to the right, Round 
Top forms the prominent feature in the landscape To 



114 GETTYSBURG. 

its left is seen the rugged summit of Little Round Top. 
The crest of Cemetery Ridge is clearly traced towarda 
the left to Cemetery Hill, whose summit is crowned by 
the National Monimient. To the south from the Cem- 
etery is Ziegler's Grove, occupied by Union artillery. 
Between us and Cemetery Ridge is Seminary Ridge, ou 
which lay the Confederate line on the second and third 
days ; the two ridges are hardly distinguishable, though 
seven eighths of a mile intervene. 

To the left of the monument is seen a lone tree 
which stands on East Cemetery Hill. The Evergreen 
Cemetery " lodge " is barely discernible to its right ; 
while to its left the rounded summit of Culp's Hill cuts 
the horizon. Wolf Hill is beyond and to the left of 
Culp's Hill. The white spots seen on its summit are 
ledges, from which fine landscape views may be had. 
Reynolds' Grove, on the hither side of which is Wil- 
loughby Run, is directly in our front ; and the Theolog- 
ical Seminary rises beyond. Through the opening to its 
left a vista of the town can be seen. The Springs Hotel 
Avenue and Horse Railroad have been constructed since 
the battle. The house seen to the left of the grove, 
and the stone barn at its left, are the McPherson fann 
buildings. The first Union gun fired was from the field 
west of the barn, in reply to the Confederate artillery 
standing at Herr's Tavern, the brick building seen as 
we turn back to the left. The Katalysine Springs 



SPRINGS HOTEL — VERANDA. 115 

buildings are in the foreground, while immediately over 
them, in the distance, is Oak Hill. The timber witl" 
which it was covered, has been cut away since the bat 
tie. Just where the ground slopes to the north stood 
two Whitworth guns, which threw their bolts to Roc^ud 
Top. By turning to the west you have a fine view of 
the South Mountain range. 

SPRINGS HOTEL VERANDA. 

There will undoubtedly be those who will not feel 
like climbing to the cupola or may not be able to do so, 
and yet may desire to understand the points of interest 
seen from the hotel. Such will be glad to have a brief 
explanation from the veranda. Seated at the north- 
eastern corner, facing the east, we have Reynolds* 
Grove directly in our front, rising above which may 
be seen the cupola of the Theological Seminary. From 
this, stretching away to the right is Seminary Ridge, 
partially covered with forest trees ; Round Top can be 
seen rising in the distance. In the left foreground are 
the Springs buildings, over which is a smooth rounded 
field to the left of Reynolds' Grove ; from this position 
the first Union gun of the battle was fired. Oak Hill 
can be seen beyond. This vicinity possesses much his- 
toric interest. It was here that the battle commenced, 
and across the field where this house stands that HilVa 
corps made its first advance. 



THE SOLDIERS' NATIONAL CEMETERY.' 



HE Soldiers' National Cemetery ia 
now, and will always continue to be 
the great central point of interest 
\k-7?KQ at Gettysburo". It is to be re- 
fe> gretted, however, that the Con- 
federate dead were not collected at 
the same time, and j)laced together in 
some suitable lot. But during the 
excitement incident to a state of hos- 
tilities this was neglected, and to - day 
there is nothing to mark the spot of their 
burial, save that the grass grows greener 
where they lay ; they were buried where 
they fell, as most of the soldiers, Union and 
Confederate, were after the great battles of 
the war. But whether they lay in well 
kept grounds, shaded by the myrtle and rose, or in the 
broad fields where the violet blossoms unseen, matters 
little to the loved ones at home, who still trace the day 
of their sorrows to this sanguinary field.' 

1 There are 3,575 bodifes of Union soldiers, of wliich l.oOS are unknown. 
^ The Confederate dead have been disinterred, and reburied, with appro- 
priate ceremonies, at Kichniond, Va. 

110 




THE DEAD AT GETTYSBURG. 117 

How many a mother's heart still bleeds : how many 
a father with trembling steps, and broken staff, goes 
tottering down the path of life alone ; how many a 
fatherless child to that fatal day looks back, and maiden, 
with broken heart and blighted hopes, sighs for the 
loved one buried here ; and throughout the land how 
many a friend we miss, how many a vacant seat at the 
board, and heart made sad as it turns to this gory field. 

To those who have friends in the Cemetery a brief 
history of its organization and completion will not prove 
uninteresting. Immediately after the battle, while 
thousands of anxious people traversed the fields in 
search of the bodies of fallen friends, every sensibility 
was shocked and heart sickened at the sights which 
everyivhere presented themselves. In many instances 
the soldiers had been but imperfectly buried, or were 
wholly uncovered, from the necessary haste in the in- 
terment. For miles around, they lay on arable land, 
which would of necessity be farmed over in a short 
time. The graves were shallow, and the marking of 
them was superficial, liable soon to be obliterated by 
the action of the weather. This deplorable condition 
of things called for a remedy. 

The ancient Athenians gathered the bones of their 
citizens who fell in battle, and with appropriate cere- 
monies interred them with the highest honors in the 
beautiful suburbs of Athens. Actuated by this historic 



]18 GETTYSBURG. 

precedent, to David Wills, Esq., a citizen of Gettys- 
burg, is to be ascribed the credit of devising and insti- 
tuting a place for gathering the scattered dead into 
one place of interment. He procured suitable grounds, 
organized an association which collected the remains 
of thirty-five hundred and eighty Union soldiers, and 
entombed them upon the consecrated spot which they 
had rendered foreA'er famous. 

Thus was started the Soldiers' National Cemetery at 
Gettysburg, from which all other national cemeteries 
in the country took their origin, and this is still the 
most complete of any in all its details. About the 
middle of July, 1863, having fully matured the plan, 
Mr. Wills opened a correspondence with the governors 
of the eighteen States represented in the Union army, 
by whom commissioners were sent to meet in confer- 
ence at Gettysburg. 

The grounds were consecrated on the 19th of 
November, 1863, when President Lincoln, standing on 
the spot now crowned by the National Monument, 
delivered his immortal speech. They embrace seven- 
teen acres, the highest point of which overlooks nearly 
the whole battle-field. The dead of each State and of 
the regular army, and also the unknown, are buried in 
separate lots, arranged in rows in a semicircle, in the 
centre of which stands the national monument erected 
to commemorate their heroic deeds. A commissioner 



NATIONAL CEMETERY. 119 

was appointed by the governor of each State for the 
term of three years, and under an act passed by the 
Pennsylvania legislature these were organized into a 
board of managers April 6, 1864,^ of which David 
Wills cf Gettysburg was elected president, and John 
R. Bartlett of Rhode Island, secretary. Several States 
were represented by more than one commissioner be- 
fore the completion of the cemetery. The following 
is a list : Maine, B. W. Norris, Stephen Coburn ; New 
Hampshire, Ira Perley; Vermont, Paul Dillingham, 
William Hebard ; Massachusetts, Henry Edwards ; 
Rhode Island, John R. Bartlett ; Connecticut, Alfred 
Coit, A. G. Hammond, William S. Chamley ; New York 
Edward Cooper, Robert H. M'Curdy; New Jersey 
Levi Scoby, Edward M. Du Bois ; Pennsylvania, David 
Wills; Delaware, John R. Latimer; Maryland, Ben- 
jamin Deford ; West Virginia, Chester D. Hubbard ; 
Ohio, Gordon Lafland ; Indiana, John G. Stephenson, 
James Blake ; Illinois, Clark E. Carr ; Michigan, T. W. 
Ferry ; Wisconsin, W. Y. Selleck ; Minnesota, Alex- 
ander Ramsey. The organization of the board in its 
officers continued the same throughout. Each State 
contributed in proportion to its population, as indi- 
cated by its congressional representation, the following 
amounts : — 

1 Act of incorporation, approved March 25, 1864. Resolutions transferring 
to the United States, dated June 22, 1S71. 



120 



GETTYSBURG. 



Maine $4,205.30 

New Hampshirk . . 2,523.18 

Vermont 2,523.18 

Massachusetts . . . 8,410.60 

Rhode Island . . . 1,682.12 

Connecticut .... 3,364.24 

New York 26,072.86 

New Jersey .... 4,205.30 

Pennsylvania . . . 20,185.44 

Delaware 841.06 



IMaryland $4,205.SC 

Wkst Virginia . . . 2,523.18 

Ohio 15,980.14 

LxDiANA 9,251.66 

Illinois 11,774.84 

Michigan 5,046.36 

Wisconsin 5,046.36 

Minnesota 1,682.12 



Total 



$129,523.24 




GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MONUMENT. 



THE NATIONAL MONUMENT. 



The National Monument, erected by the several 
States to commemorate the memory of the men who 
died in the nation's defense, is purely historical in its 
design, telling its own story with pleasing simpUcity. 

The base and pedestal are of white granite, from 
Westerly, R. I. It is twenty-five feet square at the 
base, and sixty feet in height, crowned with a colossal 
marble statue representing the genius of Hberty. 
Standing on a three quarter globe, she holds in her 
right hand the victor's wreath of laurel, while with her 
left she clasps the victorious sword. 

Projecting from the angies of the pedestal are four 
buttresses, supporting an equal number of allegorical 
statues representing, respectively, War, His'f'ORY, 
Peace, and Plenty. 

War is personified by a statue of the American sol- 
dier, who, resting from the conflict, relates to History 
the story of the battle which this monument is in- 
tended to commemorate. 

History, in listening attitude, records with stylus 

121 



3 22 GETTYSBURG. 

and tablet, the achievements of the field, and the 
names of the honored dead. 

Peace is symbolized by a statue of the American 
mechanic, characterized by appropriate accessories. 

Plenty is represented by a female figure, with a 
sheaf of wheat and fruits of the earth, typifying peace 
and abundance as the soldier's crowning triumph. 

These fine pieces of statuary were designed, with the 
monument, by J. G. Batterson, Esq., of Hartford, Conn., 
and executed in Italy, under the immediate supervision 
of Randolph Rogers. 

The main die of the pedestal is octagonal in form, 
paneled upon each face. The cornice and plinth above 
are also octagonal, and are heavily moulded. Upon 
this plinth rests an octagonal moulded base, bearing 
upon its face, in bronze relief, the National Arms. 

The upper die and cap are circular in form, the die 
being encircled by stars, equal in number with the 
States whose sons contributed their lives as the price 
of the victory won at Gettysburg. 

This monument as it stands cost fifty thousand dol- 
lars ; and the purchase of the ground, the removal 
and reinterring of the dead, the granite headstones, 
the inclosure, and landscape ornamentation of the 
grounds, and such other work as put the Cemetery in 
its present condition, exclusive of the " Reynolds 
Btatue," cost about eighty thousand dollars more, mak- 



THE NATIONAL MONUMENT. 123 

bag the total cost of the cemetery and monument, 
about one hundred and forty thousand dollars, includ- 
ing the Reynolds statue. 

Having finished the duties they were appointed to 
execute, the board of managers voted to relinquish 
the charge of the National Cemetery in favor of the 
General Government, imder whose supervision it no\f 
is. / 



THE REYNOLDS STATUE.^ 



The first object which meets the eye as we enter 
the National Cemetery is the statue of Major-generaJ 
John F. Reynolds. The sound of battle had scarcely 
ceased to reverberate among the adjacent heights be- 
fore the idea was conceived by some members of Gen- 
eral Reynolds' staff to erect a monument to his mem- 
ory. It was then intended to place on the spot where 
he fell, a simple, substantial monument of stone. The 
first meeting of officers of the corps was held Janu- 
ary 5, 1864, in the Baptist Church, Culpepper Coiu't 
House, Virginia, when a committee of five was ap- 
pointed to undertake the work. Owing to the exigen- 
cies of military service, the committee was frequently 
changed. It, at present, consists of General Charles F. 
Wainwright, General Richard Coulter, Colonel Chap- 
man Biddle, and Lieutenant-colonel Thomas Hewson 
Bache. None of the original members are on the com- 

1 At this date the Reynolds monument (though already cast) has not been 
placed on the base which has been prepared for it ; but from data fur- 
nished by the secretary of the committee, the following account has been 
prepared. Note. — Keynolds' statue stands at the entrance of the cemetery. 

124: 



THE REYNOLDS STATUE. 125 

mittee, though they all served in the First corps when 
General Reynolds commanded it at Gettysburg. Two 
of them were members of his staff. 

At an early meeting of the committee, December 21, 
1864, it was unanimously resolved to place the monu- 
ment, not where he fell, but in the Soldiers' National 
Cemetery, and at a subsequent meeting, held July 
31, 1866, this action was confirmed by selecting the 
present site. 

As the original subscription was restricted to five 
dollars from each officer, and fifty cents from each en- 
listed man, but $5,709 was, at first, collected. In 
1867, it having been decided to erect a bronze statue 
of the General, the State of Pennsylvania donated con- 
demned cannon for the purpose and the managers of 
the Soldiers' National Cemetery made an appropriation 
towards the pedestal. This assistance and additional 
subscriptions from officers who had served with Gen- 
eral Reynolds, has enabled the committee to complete 
the work. 

The monument consists of a semi-colossal statue of 
General Reynolds in bronze ; the right hand, holding 
a field-glass, hangs at the side ; the left grasps the top 
of the hilt of the sword. The face is turned towards 
that part of the field on which the enemy were ad- 
vancing when he fell. 

The statue, designed and moulded by J. Q. A. Ward, 



126 GETTYSBURG. 

and cast by Achille Bureau, at the foundry of Messrs. 
Robert Wood and Company, at Philadelphia, will cost 
about $10,000. It stands on a pedestal of dark Quincy 
granite, about ten feet high, designed by Richard M. 
Hunt. The pedestal, consisting of but three stones, 
weighs twenty-three tons. They were furnished by 
Messrs. H. Barker and Brother, at a cost of $2,825, 
delivered in Philadelphia. Tlie railroads transported 
them free of cost, and the expense for setting them 
was 8312. 



BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 127 



THE BATTLE-FIELD MEMOKIAL ASSOCIATION. 

Experience has shown thcat no enterprise has proved 
more successful at Gettysburg than the Battle-field 
Memorial Association. 

This Association was organized by a few patriotic 
gentlemen, soon after the battle, for the purpose of 
holding and preserving such portions of the battle- 
field, with its natural and artificial defences, as were 
actually identified with the engagement. Breastworks 
have been rebuilt, miles of avenue constructed, hun- 
dreds of monuments erected ; and all over that immense 
field the watchful care of the Association is visible. 
There is no battle-field so well preserved as Gettysburg. 

ACT OF INCORPORATION. 

The Battle-field Memorial Association was incor- 
porated by Act of General Assembly of Pennsylvania, 
approved April 30th, 1864 ; by which Act, and a 
supplement thereto, approved April 24th, 1866, ample 
powers and authority were conferred for the accom- 
plishment of its purposes. 

AN ACT 
To Incorporate the Gettysburg Battle-field Memorial Association. Ap- 
proved April 30, 1864. 
Section l.-Be it enacted, etc.. That Joseph R. Ingersoll, T. D. Car- 
son, D. McConaughy, Wm. McSherry, D. A. Buehler, R. G. McCreaiy, 
J. B. Banner, George Arnold, J. L. Schick, James H. Marshall, Henry 



128 GETTYSBURG. 

C. Carc}-, J. G. Foil, Alexander Henry, Ednumd A. Sender, Theodore 
Cuyler, Wm. Stron<j, S. A. Mereer. II. C. Baird, Tiiomas M. Howe, N. 
B. Craio-, John T. Penney, Wni. II. Robinson, jr., Janie.s L. Graham, 
Harvey Childs, George G. Meade, Thomas J. Bigham, A. (). Heister, 
James Worrall, James L. Reynolds, S. W. Crawford, Winfield S. Ilan- 
eoek, John L. Atlee, William Kinsey, Samnel Small, F. M. Kimmell, P. 
Frazier Smith, J. MeD. Sharpe, H. C. Johnson, John Cessna, B. B 
Vineent, John Scott, Wm. A. Wallace, George W. Householder, Jolm 
S. ]\IcCalmont, Daniel Agnew, W^m. Hopkins, Jolm P. Crozier, Wm. 11. 
Miller, A. K. McClure, Jolm D. Cochran, J. X. McAllister, C. L. Per- 
shino-, K. A. McMurtrie, their associates, who have subscribed, and all 
others who shall hereafter subscribe, to the fund devoted to the preser- 
vation of the battle-tield of Gettysburg, and their successors, l)e and 
they are hereby made a body politic, and corporate}, by the name, style, 
and title, of the Gettysburg Battle-field Memorial Association, and by 
that name, shall be able, and capable, in law, to hav(f, and use, a 
• common seal, to sue, and be sued, plead, and be impleaded, and do 
all sucli other things as are incident to a cori)oration. 

Sect. 2. — That the object of said association shall be, to hold, and 
preserve, tlie battle-grounds of (Jettysliurg, on which were fought tiie 
actions of the tii'st, second, and third days of July, Anno Domini one 
thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, with the natural and artificial 
defences, as they were at the time of said battle, and by such perpetua- 
tion, and such memorial structures as a generous and patriotic people 
may aid to erect, to (commemorate the heroic deeds, the struggles, and 
the triumphs of their l)rave defenders. 

Sect. 3. — That for its said purpose, the said association shall have 
power to take, and to hold, by gift, grant, devise, i)urchase, or lease, 
such personal property, and eftects, and all such portions of said Ijattle- 
grounds, as may be necessary, or convenifuit, to jjromote and accomplish 
the object of its incorporation, to enclose, and perpetuate, said grounds 
and defences, to keep them in repair and a state of preservation, to 
construtl and maintain waj's and roads, to improve and ornament the 
grounds and to erect andi)romote the erection by voluntary contributions 
of structures, and works of art and taste thereon, adapted to designate 
the spots of special interest, to commemorate the great dcM-ds of valor, 
endurance, and noljle self-sacrifice, and to perpetuate the memery of the 
heroes, and the signal events, which render these battle-grounds illus- 
trious ; and to these ends, to make such by-laws, rules, and regulations, 
as may be necessary, and proper, for the government of the affairs, 
and promotion of the purjjoses of said association ; the i)roperty of 
the said association shall not be subject to attachment, or execution, 
and the lands acquired for the purposes of said association, with its 



ACT OF INCORPORATION. 129 

personal property, and the improvements and appurtenances, shall be 
forever exempt from taxation, and also from the payment of an enrol- 

ment tax. . , ,, 

Sect 4 - That the property, and aflfairs, of the said association shall 
be manao-ed by a president, and a board of thirteen directors,^ with 
a secretrry, treasurer, and other necessary officers, by them to be 
selected • to be chosen, annually, from the subscribers, by a majority 
of the votes o-iven, each subscriber to be entitled to a single vote ; the 
<.aid officers to serve for one year, or until successors are elected ; the 
election to be held annually, on the first T^Ionday of June, at Gettysburg ; 
public notice thereof to be given, by publication, in one newspaper in 
Gettysburg, Philadelphia, Harrisburg and Pittsburg, at least two weeks 
previous to such election. 

Sect 6 — Tlj^it said association shall have power to issue certificates 
of membership, to all persons who shall subscribe one, or more, shares 
to the said Battle-field Memorial Fund: the amount of a single share to 
be fixed by the board of directors, and not to exceed ten dollars ; and 
all subscribers, upon payment, and receipt of such certificates, shall be 
entitled to vote at all elections of said association. 

Sect 6 —That the president, directors, and treasurer, shall make 
annual reports, on the day of the annual election, to be presented to the 
members, and read and published, which shall be duly certified, and 
shall exhibit fully, and accurately, the receipts, expenses, and expendi- 
tures, of the said association. 

Approved.— The thirtieth day of April, Anno Domini one thousand 
eio-ht hundred and sixty-four. A. G. CURTIN. 



A SUPPLEMENT 

To an act, entitled -An ad to incorporate the Gettysburg Battle-f eld 
Memorial Association:' Approved April 30, 1866. 
Section \.-Be it enacted, etc.. That if any person shall wilfully 
destroy, mutilate, deface, injure, or remove, any monument, column, 
statue, memorial structure, or work of art, that shall be erected or 
placed upon the battle-ground held, or which shall be held, by the said 
association, or shall wilfully destroy, or remove, any fence, railing, 
enclosure, or other work, for the protection, or ornament, ot said battle- 
c^round, or any portion thereof, that may be held by said association, or 
shall wilfully destroy, cut, hack, bark, break down, or otherwise injure 

1 In order to get a more extended representation the number has been increased to 
twenty.one, and the governors of States making appropriations are ex officio members of 
the Board. 



130 GETTYSBURG. 

■any trop, bush, or shrubbery, thiit may bo orvowino^ upon saicl battle- 
ground, or shall cut down, or fell, and remove any timber, tree, or trees 
growing;, or being upon such battle-grounds, or shall wilt'ull}- remove, 
or destroy, any breastworks, earthworks, walls, or other defences, or 
slieUer, on any part thereof, eonstructed by the armies, or any poi'tion 
of the forces engaged in the battle of Gettysburg ; any person so 
olVending. and found guilty thereof, before any justice of the peace of 
the county of Adams, .shall, for each and every such otieuce, foi'feit and 
pay a line, in the discretion of the justice, according to the aggravation 
of the offence, of not less than live nor more than fifty dollars, one-half 
to tlie use of said company, and the other half to the informer, to be 
enforc(>d and recovei'ed, before such justice, in like manner as debts of 
like are now by law recoverable, in any action of debt, brought in the 
name of tlie commonwealth, as well for the use of said company, as 
of the person suing. 

Sect. 2. — That in addition to the penalty provided in the first 
section of this act, for the offences therein j)ro]iibited, any person who 
shall be guilty of either of the offences therein named, shall be 
deemetl guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof, in the 
court of quarter sessions of the said county of Adams, sliall be 
punished by fine, not exceeding one hundred dollars, or imi^risonment. 
for not more than thirty days, or both, in the discretion of the said 
court 

Sect. 3. — That the president and directors of the said (iettysburg 
Batthvfield ^Memorial Association shall have power and authority, by 
themselves, committees, engineer, sui'veyor, superintendent, or agents, 
by them to be appointed, to survey, locate, and lay out roads and 
avenues, from any public road, or roads, in the vicinity of Gettysburg, 
or of the said battle-grounds, to and upon, and also in and through any 
portion, or portions, of said battle-grounds, not, however, passing 
through any dwelling-house, or any burying-ground, or any place of 
public worship, and to open and fence, or otherwise enclose, such roads 
and avenues, the latter of a width not exceeding three hundred feet ; 
and the same may be laid out, so as to embrace anj-^ breastworks, or 
lines of defences, or positions, of tlie forces engaged, in the battle of 
Gettysburg, and with power to plant rows, or colonnades, of trees upon 
said roads and avenues : Provided, That it shall be lawful for such 
association to enter upon adjoining lands, and take materials necessary 
for the construction and re])air of such roads and avenues, in like 
manner, and with like power as in the case of railroads, under the act 
regulating railroad companies, approved the nineteenth of February, 
Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and forty-nine, and its supple- 
ments : Provided Jurther, That before such association shall enter upon 



BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 131 

and take possession of any such lands for roads, or avenues, or such 
materials, they shall make ample compensation to the owner, or owners, 
thereof, or tender adequate security therefor : A)ul provided further. 
That when the said company cannot ao^ree with the owner, or owners, 
of any such lands, which said association may enter upon, use, or take, 
l'(ir any such roads or avenues, the like proceedings shall be had to 
ascertain, determine, and i-eeover damages, on account of the taking 
and appropriating such lands for roads, or avenues, as are provided for 
ascertaining and recovering damages, by land owners., from railroad 
companies, by the said act regulating railroad companies, and its 
supplements. 

Approved. — The twenty-fourth day of April, Anno Domini one 

thousand eight hundred and sixty-six. 

A. G. CURTIX. 

The present Board of Directors of the Battle-field 
Memorial Association (1889) are 

President (ex officio), James A. Beaver, Harrisbiu'g, Pa. (Governor of 
Pennsylvania) ; Vice-President, Col. C. H. Buehler, Gettysburg. Pa. ; 
Secretary, John M. Krauth, Esq., Gettysburg, Pa. ; Treasurer. J. 
Lawrence Schick, Gettysbui'g, Pa. ; Superintendent of Grounds, Sergt. 
Nicholas G. Wilson. 

(Jonimittee on Location and Inscriptions : J. M. Vanderslice, Wm. D. 
Holtzworth, Calvin Hamilton, N. G. Wilson, and John M. Krauth ; 
Secretary of Committee, J. M. Vanderslice, Esq., No. 16 North Seventh 
St., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Directors: Maj. -gen. S. W. Crawford, U. S. A., Post 191, Phihuh^lphia; 
Gen. Louis Wagner, Post 6, Germantown, Pa., Past Commander-in- 
chief G. A. R. ; J. M. Vanderslice, Esq., Post 2, Philadelphia, Past 
Department Commander Pennsylvania; Col. Chill W. Hazzard, Post 
60, Monongahela, Pa., Past Department Commander Pennsylvania; 
Gen. Henry A. Barnum, Post 77, New York, Past Department Com- 
mander New York; Gen. Frank D. Sloat, Post 17, New Haven, Conn., 
Past Department Commander Connecticut ; Gen. Charles L. Young, Post 
15, Toledo, Ohio, Past Senior Vice-Commander-in-chief G. A. R. ; John 
C. Linehan, Esq., Post 31, Penacook, N. H., Junior Vice Commander-in- 
chief ; Gen. Lucius Fairchild, Post 11, Madison, Wis., Past Commander 
in-chief; Gen. John P. Rea, Post 4, Minneapolis, Minn., Commander- 
in-chief G. A. R. ; Col. Wheelock G. Veazey, Post 14, Rutland, Vt., 
Judge Advocate General G. A. R. ; Col. George G. Briggs, Grand 
Rapids, Mich. ; Col. John B. Bachelder, Boston, Mass., Government 
Historian of the Battle of Gettysburg; Capt. W. E. Miller, Post 201, 



132 GETTYSBURG. 

Carlisle, Pa. ; J. Lawrence Sehick, (iettjsburg, Pa. ; Col. Charles H. 
Buehler, Post 9, Gettysburg, Pa. ; Sergt. Wm. D. Holtzworth, Post 9, 
Gettysburg, Pa. ; Jacob A. Kitzmiller, Esq., Post 9, Gettysburg, Pa. ; 
Calvin Hamilton. Post 9, Gettysburg, Pa. ; Rev. H. W. McKnight, D. D., 
Post 9, Gettysburg, Pa.; 8. McSwope, Esq., Gettysburg, Pa. 



OBJECTS OF THE ASSOCIATION. 

The plan of the Association is to purchase and hold 
strips of land varying in width from sixty feet to 
three hundred feet, which shall embrace the lines of 
battle ; and those extend for miles from one extreme 
of the battle-field to another. Along these strips of 
land, avenues are opened and driveways constructed ; 
and on these avenues the monuments are erected to 
mark the position of each regiment and battery in 
line of battle. In addition to the monuments to mark 
the positions in line, tablets are sometimes erected to 
mark the location of some important event. In some 
cases where troops were massed, or where several lines 
of battle were formed, entire fields, and sometimes 
whole farms, are purchased. 

At present (1889), only the positions of the Army 
of the Potomac are marked on the Gettysburg battle- 
field ; but the rapid growth of public opinion on this 
subject indicates that history will demand that on a 
battle-field of such historic importance as Gettysburg 
the positions of both armies should he marked for' 
historical purposes. And avenues should be opened 
along the Confederate lines, to assist the visitor and 



BATTLE MONUMENTS, ETC. 133 

student of history to understand the positions and 
movements of the troops of hotli armies during the 
battle. 

BATTLE MONUMENTS. 

At present there are between two hundred and three 
hundred battle monuments in position. Some regi- 
ments have two or three. Gregg's cavalry erected 
one for the division, Michigan one for Custer's 
brigade, New Jersey one for Torbert's brigade, and 
Vermont one each for Stannard's and Grant's 
brigades. 

isometrical drawing. 

The sketch for the Isometrical Drawing was com- 
menced immediately after the battle, before the dead 
M^ere buried. It represents the roads, houses, fences, 
fields, and forests as they were at that time. 

It is issued in four styles, viz., — 

Plain Proof (first impressions), with positions of troops, 

colored by hand, price ..... $10 00 

Colored Proof, colored by an artist . . . 15 00 

Tinted . . 5 00 

ISOMETRICAL DRAWING FROM TRANSFER. 

This volume is illustrated with an impression from 
the Isometrical plate taken by "• transfer," which, of 
course, is not as "sharp" and clear as those from the 

original plate. But the author of this volume is the 
owner of the plate, and it is his pleasure that the read- 



134 GETTYSBURG. 

ers have the advantage whicli it affords; particuhirly 
as this volume ilhistrated hy the Isometrical Draw- 
ing is often used to advantage as a Key to other pub- 
lications. It lias been laid off in squares, numhered 
at the top and lettered on the sides. The Index to 
this book ii'ives the official desiii'natiou of each resrinient 

o o o 

and battery engaged, which are preceded by a letter' 
and nmnher for each day. These refer to the (two- 
inch) square on the map where they may be found. 
This book makes a desirable Key to accompany higher- 
priced copies of the Isometrical Drawing. It has 
been revised and nnich historical and descriptive data 
introduced to furnish a brief epitome in advance of 
the Popular Illustrated History of the battle now being 
compiled by tlie author. 



TESTIMONIALS. 



Head-Quarteks Akmy of the Potomac, Feb. 11, 1864. 
I have examined Col. Bachelder's Isometkical Drawing of the 
Gettysburg Battle-field, and am perfectly satisfied with the accm*acy 
with which the topography is delineated, and the positions of the troops 
laid down. Col. B., in my judgment, deserves great credit for the 
time and labor he has devoted to obtaining the materials for this drawing 
which have resulted in making it so accurate. 

GEO. G. MEADE, 
Maj.-gen. Vol., Corndg. Army Potomac. 

Sept. 17, 1864. 
Col. Bachelder, — I have received the published drawing of the Battle- 
field of Gettysburg. The execution of the work is very creditable, and 
admirably preserves the accuracy and fidelity which characterized the 
original drawing, and which I had occasion to commend, when you 
exhibited it to me, last Avinter. Knowing the labor you have bestowed 
,upon this work, in collecting information and embodying it in this draw- 
ing, I can cheerfully recommend it to all those who are desiious of 
procuring an accurate picture and faithful record of the events of this 
great battle.^ I remain most truly yours, 

GEO. G. MEADE, 

Maj.-gen., Gomdg. A. P. 

Head-Quarters Second Army Corps, Dec. 29, 1863. 
The view of the Battle-field of Gettysburg pi-epai'ed by Col. Bachelder 
has been carefully examined by me. I find it as accurate as such a 
drawing can well be made. And it is acatrate, as far as my knowledge 
extends. WINF'D S. HANCOCK, 

Major-general, Comdg. 2d (Jorps, 

In Front of Petersburg, Va., Sept. 17, 1864. 
The published drawing is most beautiful, more so than I expected to 
find it. WINF'D S. HANCOCK, 

Major-general, Comdg. 2d Corps. 
135 



136 TESTLMONIALS. 

Col. Bachelder's Isometrical View ol" the Battle of Gettysburg is an 
admirable production, and a truthful rendering of the various positions 
assumed by the troops of my eommaiid. 

A. DOUBLED AY, 

Maj.-gen. Vols., Comdg. 1st Corps. 



Boston, Sept. 23, 1864. 

Col. Bachelder, — I have examined your beautiful drawing of the Bat- 
tle-field of (4ett3'sburg. I am aware that you are in possession of means 
of information not possessed, I imagine, by any other person. Such 
opportunities of observation as I had during three days passed at Get- 
tysburg satisfy me of tiie fidelity of your delineation of the position of 
every regiment of the two armies on each of the three eventful days. 

I may add that the engraving is beautifully executed and colored. 
Wishing you ample renuuieration, I remain sincerely yours, 

EDWARD EVERETT. 



Head-Quarters Fifth Army Corps, Sept. 28, 1864. 
Mk. Jno. B. Bachelder. 

Dear Sir, — I am exceedingly gratified with receiving a finished copy 
of your print of the Battle-field of (iettysburg. I am familiar with 
your long and untiring labors in all the fields where truth could be 
reached, and know that your eftbrts were crowned with a success that 
leaves nothing more to be desired. You are autliorized to add my 
name to those who bear testimony to its accuracy. 

Very respectfully your obedient servant, 

G. K. WARREN, 
Maj.-gen. Vols., Comdg. 5th Corps. 



Orange, Oet. 1, 1864. 
Jno. B. Bachelder, Esq. 

My Dear Sir, — I have carefully examined your Isometrical Drawing 
of the Battle-field of (iettysburg, with great interest and much profit. 
Never having been on tliat field, of course I cannot express an opinion 
as to its accuracy — so abundantly intlorsed for, however, by most com- 
petent judges ; but I can say that it has given me a nuich clearer idea 
of the battle than I had before, and I earnestly hope tiiat you will find 
it convenient to illustrate others of our great battles in the same 
manner. I am very truly yours, 

GEO. B. McCLELLAN. 



TESTBIONIALS. 137 

Head-Quarters Dep't and Armt of the 
Tennessee, Oct. 24, 1864. 
Mr. Jno. B. Bachelder. 

My Dear Sir, — I was much gratified on receiving a copy of your 
beautiful drawing of the " Gettysburg Battle-field." I have never seen 
a painting or topographical map that could give so vivid a representa- 
tion of a great battle. I regard it as an honor that you have associated 
my name with those of other corps commanders in your historical 
picture. Be pleased to accej^t my kind regards. 

Respectfully yours, 

O. O. HOWARD, Major-general. 

Col. Jno. B. Bachelder. 

Dear Sir, — I have examined with care your Isometrical Drawing of 
the Gettysburg Battle-field, and can cheerfully bear testimony to the 
accuracy of the position of the troops on the right of our line. 
Yours very truly, 

H. W. SLOCUM, 
MaJ.-gen. Vols., Comdg. Bight Wing at Gettysburg. 



INDEX TO MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS. 



Showing the positions of Troops on the Isometrical Drawisg. Any Regiment or 
Battery will be found in the Square indicated by the letter and number. Commsada 
marked thus (*) have monuments erected. 

Union Troops, in Koman type ; Confederate, in Italics. 



ISOMETRICAL ARTILLERY. 

drawing. 

Adams' Battery, G, 1st R. I 

E-5, F-f). Ames' Battery, G, 1st :N. Y 

B-14. Armstrong Guns on Oak Hill .... 

E-lO.* Arnold's Battery, A, 1st R. I 

G-10, E-15.* Atwell's (Knap's) Battery, E, Penn. 

E-2. Bachman's Battery 

E-12. Bancroft's (Wilkinson's) Battery, G, 4th U. S. 
G-5. Barnes' Battery, G, 1st N. Y. (5th Corps) . 

E-5, E-11.* Bigelow's Battery, 9th Mass 

E-8. JilounVft Battery 

A-11, 12, D-9. Brander's Battery 

Breathed's Battery (Stuart's Cavalry) . 

D-8. Broole's Battery 

E-18. Brown's Battery 

F.9.* Brown's Battery, B, 1st R. I 

A-11, D-9. Brnnson's Battery 

E-6.* Bueklyn's Battery (Randolph's), E, 1st R. I. 

G-11, E-11. Butler's Battery, G, 2d U. S 

B-12. Calef s (Tidball's) Battery, A, 2d U. S. . 

E-.3. Carlton's Battery 

E-l~. Carpenter's Battery 

C-IS. Carrington's Battery 

B-14. Carter's Battery 

' E-8. Caskie's Battery 

E-5.* Clark's Battery, B, Ist N". J 

D-12, F-13, F-7.* Cooper's Battery, B, 1st Penn. 

F-9.* Cowan's Battery, 1st N. Y. (Independent) . 

A-11, D-9. Crenshaw's Battery 

D-12. Cunningham's Battery 

F^g. Cushing's Battery, A, 4th U. S. 

D-IO. Ciiit's battalion (Lane's) 

C-12, D-18. Dana's Battalion 

D^ll, 12. Dance's Battery 

■ F-7.* Daniels' 9th Mich, (horse) Battery 

E-8. Dearing's Battalion 

E-18. Dement's Battery 

D-I4.* Dilger's Battery, I, 1st Ohio .... 

F-6.* Dow's Battery, 6th Maine 

E-12. Eakin's Battery, H, 1st U. S 

E.12.* Edgell's Battery, 1st N. H 

E-1. Elder's Battery, E, 4th U. S 

F-IO. Fitzhugh's Battery, K, 1st N. Y. . 

E-3. Frazer's Battery 

B-14. Fry's Battery 

Fuller's Battery, C, 3d U. S. (detached) . 
' ' 139 



140 



INDEX TO MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS. 



ISOMETRICAL 
DRAWING. 

C-18. 
D2. 
G5.* 
E.4. 
E-1. 
D-12. 
DO. 
C-18. 

b:h. 

B-12, E-12. 
Ell.* 
B-14. 
E-6, F-7.* 
F-9.» 
G-3. 
G H. 
D-14.* 
F-10.* 
E-12. 
E-12.* 
D-11, 12. 
A-11, D-10. 
A-11, D-10. 
D-4. 
F-U. 

G-9, E-15.* 

D 1. 

E.17. 

D-8. 

A-11, U-10. 

E.8. 

D-4. 

G-6. 

F-4, G-1.* 

F-4, G-1. 

A-12, D-9. 

A-11, D-10. 

D-8. 

D-3. 

E-12.* 

E-5, F-7. 

A-11, D-9. 



E-S. 

D-4. 
• D-9. 
F-10. 

D-4. 
E-12. 
E-12. 
B-14. 

D-5. 
F-10.* 
D-10. 



s Cav. on 



t) 



Garber's Battery 
Garden's Battery 
Gibb's Battery, L, 1st Ohio 

Gilbert 

Graham's Battery, K, 1st U. S. 

Graham's Battery 

Grandy's Battery 

Green's Battery . 

Griffin's Battery (with Stuart 

Hall's 2d Jlaine Battery . 

Hani's Battery, 3(1 X. Y. . 

Hart's Battery . 

Hart's Battery, IStli N. Y. (Indepeiiden 

Hazard's Battery (see Brown's B., 1st R 

Hazlett's (Kittenhouse's) Battery, D, 5th 

Heaton's Battery, B and L, 2d U. S. 

Heckman, K, 1st Oliio 

Hexamer's (Parsons') Battery, A, 1st N 

Hill's Battery, C, 1st West Va. 

Huntington's (Norton's) Battery, H, 1st 

Htipp's Battery , 

Hurt's Battery . 

Johnson's Battery 

Jordan's Battery 

Kenzie's Battery, K, 5th U. S 

Kirkpatrick's Battery 

Knap's (Atwell's) Battery 

Latham's Buttery .... 

Latimer, Major 

Lewis' Battery 

Lask's Battery 

Macon's Battery 

Manly's Battery 

Martin's Battery, 6th N. Y. 
Martin's (VVolcott's) Battery, C, Mass. 
Martin's Battery, F, 5th U. S. . 
Ma)-ye's Section (opened the battle) 
Massie's Battery . . 

Maurin's Battery .... 
McCarthy's Battery .... 
McCartney's Battery (1st Mass.) 
McGilvery's Brigade, Reserve Artillery 
McGrato's Battery .... 
McGregor's Battery (with Stuart's Cav 
Milledge's Battery .... 

Miller's Battery 

Moody's Battery .... 

Moore's Battery 

Muhlenburg's Battery, F, 4th U. S. (Rug] 

Norcum's Battery 

Norton's (Huntington's) Battery, H, 1st 

Osborne, Major, Chief 11th Corps Artille 

Page's Battery . 

Parker's Battery 

Parsons' (Hexamer's) Battery, A, 1st N 

Patterson's Battery . 



the 



Ohio 



g's) 



Ohio 

ry 



M) 



INDEX TO MILITAllY ORGANIZATIONS. 



141 



ISOMETRICAL 
DRAWING. 

E-5, F-7.* 

E-18. 

E-6.* 

E-8. 

B-H. 

D-1. 

B-12, E-13. 

D-4. 

A-ll, D-IO. 

D, E-6. 

E-i:3. 

.G-10.* 

F7. 

B-11. 

r-5, F-9.* 

D-10. 

F-10. 

E7. 

F-2, 3.* 

C-12. 

Do. 

F-7.* 

D 12, E-13. 

C13, E13. 

E-8. 

E-13.* 

C-18. 

D-5. 

F7. 

E-6, F 7.* 

F6. 

E-8, E-11. 

A-n, D-10. 

D-8. 

G-6. 

F-5, 6. 

D-12. 

E-8. 

C-14, F-9.* 

E.13. 

C-17. 

G-6. 

G-10, 11. 

D-10. 

F-4.* 

E-11. 

D4. 

D8. 

A-ll, D-9. 



Cavalry) 
Artillery 



Pegram's Battalion 

Pennington's Battery, M, 2d U. S. (Gregg's Cavalry) 
Phillips' Battery, 5tli Mass. . 

liaine's Battery 

Kandol's Battery, E and G, 1st U. S. (Gregg 
Randolph's (Bucklyn's) Battery, E, 1st R. I 
Rank's Section, Battery H, 3d Peun. Heavy 
Ransom's (Weir's) Battery, C, 5th U. S. 

Reese's Battery 

IteiUiys Battery 

Reynolds' Battery, L, 1st N. Y. 

lihett's Battery 

Jiice's Battery 

Jiichardson's Battery .... 
Rickett's Battery, F and G, 1st Penn. . 
Rigby, Battery A, 1st Md. ... 
Rock's Section (New Jersey) ... 
Roder's Section (Calef s Battery) . 
Rorty's (Sheldon's) Battery, B, 1st N. Y. 

TJoss' Battery 

Rugg's Battery, E, 4th U. S. (Muhlenburg's) 

Seeley's Battery, K, 4th U. S. . 

Smith's Battery, 4th N. Y. (Independent) 

Smith's Battery 

Squire's Battery 

Sterling's Battery, 2d Conn. 

Stevens' Battery, oth Maine ... 

Stewart's Battery, B, 4th U.S. 

Stribliiiff's Battery 

Taft's Battery, 5th X. Y. (Independent) . 

Tanner's Battery 

Taylor's Battery 

Thomas' Battery, C, 4tli U. S. . 
Thompson's Battery, G and F, Penn. (Independe 
Tompkins, Colonel, Chief Gth Corps Artillery 
Turnbull's Battery .... 

Wallace's Battery .... 

Ward's Battery 

Waterman's Battery, C, 1st R. I. . 
A^atson's Battery, I, 5th U. S. . 

Watson's Battery .... 
Weir's (Ransom's Battery), C, 5tli U. S 
Wheeler's Battery, 13th N. Y. (Independent) 
Wiedrich's Battery, I, 1st N. Y. 
Wilkeson (Bancroft's) Battery, G, 4th U. S 
Williston's Battery, D, 2d U. S. 
Winegar's Battery, M, 1st N. Y. 

Wingfield's Battery . 
Winslow's Battery, D, 1st N. Y. 
WoodrufTs Battery, I, 1st U. S. 

Woolfolk's Battery . 

Wrjatt's Battery .... 
Zimmerman's Battery 

CAVALRY BATTERIES. 

Outside the limit of the Isometkical Dhawing. 



nt) 



142 



INDEX TO MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS. 



REGIMENTS. 







ALABAMA. 


— CONKKPERATE. 




ISOMETRICAL 


REG. 


BRIGADE. 


DIVISION. 


CORPS. 


DRAWIN<:. 










IM4. 


■M Keg. 


O'Neal, 


Bodes, 


Ezvell, 


1)-1. 


4th " 


Law, 


Hood, 


Lomjstreet, 


B-11, A-9, K-W. 


5th Bat. 


Archer, 


Heth, 


Hill, 


B-14. 


.5th Reg. 


O'Neal, 


nodes. 


Swell, 


B-H. 


(ith " 


" 


" 


" 


r-6, E-7. 


8th " 


Wilcox, 


Anderson, 


Hill, 


D-6, E-7. 


9th " 


" 


" 


" 


D-6, E-7. 


10th " 


" 


" 


" 


D-6, E-7. 


nth " 


" 


" 


" 


B-H. 


12th " 


O'Neal, 


/{odes. 


Ewell, 


D-6, E-7. 


rsth " 


A rcher. 


Heth, 


Hill, 


D-6, E-7. 


14th " 


Wilcox, 


Anderson, 


" 


D-1. 


l.-jth " 


Law,* 


Hood, 


Lovgstreet, 


B-14. 


20tl» " 


O'Neal, 


nodes. 


Ewell, 


D-1. 


44th " 


" 


" 


" 


Dl. 


47th " 


" 


" 


" 


D-1. 


48th " 


" 


" 


" 



D-2, E.2. M Reg. 



F-14.» .Oth Keg. 
Ell, ElO.* 14tli " 
C-16, E-13.* 17tli " 

F-14.* 20th " 
E-4, F-6.* 27th " 



ARKANSAS. — CONFEDERATE. 

nohertson. Hood, Longstreet, 

CONNECTICUT. - Union. 

1st McDougall, 1st Ruger, 12th Williams.t 

2(1 Smyth, 2d Hiiys, 2d Hancock, 

2d Ames, 1st Barlow, 11th Howard, 

1st McOougall, 1st Ruger, 12th Williams.t 

4th Brooke, 1st Caldwell, 2d Hancock, 



DELAWARE. — Union. 



E 11, E-10. 
E-3, F-0. 



1st Reg. 2d Smyth, 
2d " 4tli Brooke, 



3d Hays, 
1st Caldwell, 



D-7, E-7. 2d Reg. Perry, 
D.7, E-7. 5th " 
D-7, E-7. 8th " 



FLORIDA. — Confederate. 
Anderson, 



2d Hancock, 



^(7/, 









OEOROI.\. 


— Confederate. 




D-8, D.9. 


2d Bat. 


Wright, 


Anderson, 


Hill, 


D-1, E-3. 


2d 


Rfg. 


lU'nning, 


Hood, 


Longstreet, 


D-8, D-9. 


3d 




Wright, 


Anderson, 


Hill, 


C-14. 15. 


4th 




Doles, 


liodes. 


Ewell, 


D-1, E .3. 


7th 




Anderson, 


Hood, 


Longstreet, 


D-1, E-.3. 


Hth 




" 


" 


" 


D-1, E-3. 


9th 




" 


" 


" 


D-4, 


10th 




Semmes, 


McLaws, 


" 



• General Larv commanded Hood's division when General Hood was wounded, 
t General Williams commanded the Twelfth corps and tieueral l^uger the first divis- 
ion, while General Slocum commanded the right wing of the army. 



INDEX '. 


rO MILITARY ORGAN] 


[ZATIONS. 


ISOMKTRICAI, 


REG. 


BRTOADE. 


nivisiox. 


CORPS. 


DRAWING. 










D-1, E-3. 


nth Reg. 


Anderson, 


Hood, 


Longstreet, 


C-15. 


12th " 


Doles, 


Bodes, 


Eivell, 


C-17, D-13. 


13th " 


Gordon, 


Early, 


" 


A-12, D-10. 


14th " 


Thomas, 


Pender, 


Hill, 


D-2, E.3. 


15th " 


Benning, 


Hood, 


Longstreet, 


D-6. 


lOth " 


Wofford, 


McLaws, 


" 


D-2, E-3. 


17th " 


Benning, 


Hood, 


" 


Do. 


18th " 


Wofford, 


McLaws, 


" 


D-2, E-3. 


20th " 


Benning, 


Hood, 


« 


C-14. 


21st " 


Doles, 


Bodes, 


Ewell, 


D-8, D-9. 


22d " 


Wi-ight, 


Anderson, 


Hill, 


D5. 


24th " 


Wofford, 


McLaws, 


Longstreet, 


C-17, CIS. 


26th " 


Gordon, 


Early, 


Ewell, 


C 15, D-13. 


31st " 


" 


" 


" 


A-12, D-ll. 


35th " 


Thomas, 


Pender, 


Hill, 


C-17, D-13. 


38th " 


Gordon, 


Early, 


Ewell, 


C 15. 


44th " 


Doles, 


Bodes, 


" 


A-12, D 10. 


45th " 


Thomas, 


Pender, 


Hill, 


D-8, D 9. 


48th " 


Wright, 


Anderson, 


" 


B-11, D-10. 


49th " 


Thomas, 


Pender, 


" 


D-5. 


50th " 


Semmes, 


McLaws, 


Longstreet, 


D-4. 


51st " 


" 


" 


'■' 


D-4. 


53d " 


" 


" 


" 


D-3, E-2. 


69th " 


Anderson, 


Hood, 


" 


C-17, D-13. 


60th " 


Gordon, 


Early, 


Ewell, 


C17, D-13. 


(ilst " 


" 


" 


" 


D-6. 


Cobb's Leg 


. Wofford, 


McLaws, 


Longstreet, 


D-6. 


Phillip's " 


ILLINOI; 


?. — Union. 




B-11. 


8th Cav. 


1st Gamble, 


1st Buford, 


Pleasonton, 


B-12. 


12th " 


(4 Cos.) " 


" 


" 


C-14, E-12. 


82d *' h 


*t Von Amsberg 


, .3d Schurz,* 


nth Howard,* 



143 







1st Cav. 


Cos. I & K. 




B-12.* 


3d " 


1st Gamble, 




EH.* 


7th Reg. 


2d Cutler, 


E-n, 


E-13.* 


Hth " 


1st Carroll, 


B-IO, 


E.14.* 


19th " 


1st IMeredith, 


F-3, 


F-10.* 


20th " 


2d Ward, 




C-14.* 


27th " 


.3d Colgrove, 
LOUISIANA. 


D-18, 


E.15. 


1st Reg. 


Williams, 


D-18, 


E-15. 


2d " 


" 


C-18. 


E-14. 


5th " 


Hayes, 


C-18, 


E-14. 


6th " 


" 


C-18. 


EH. 


7th " 


<• 


C-18, 


E-H. 


8th " 


" 


C-18, 


E-H. 


9th " 


" 



INDIANA. — Union. 

nth (Headquarters) 

1st Buford, Pleasonton, 

Isf Wadsworth, 1st Doubleday,t 

3d Hays, 2d Hancock, 

1st Wadsworth, 1st Doubleday t 

1st Birney, 3d Sickles, 

1st Ruger, 12th Williams, 



Early, 



* General Howard commanded the field, General Schurz the Eleventh corps, and Gen- 
eral Schimmelfennig tlie division the first day. 

t General Doubleday commanded the First corps the first day. 



144 



INDEX TO MILITARY OKGANIZATfONS. 



RKC. 



ISOMETnTCAI. 
UKAAVlNCi. 

D-18, E-15. 10th Reg. 
D-18, E-15. 14th " 
D-18, E-15. 15th " 



BRIGADE. 

Williams, 



mvisioN. 
Johnson, 



CORPS. 

Ewell, 



E.5, F-10. 

r-2, F-IO. 

G-5. 

G-6, HI. 

G-9, 10, H-12. 

G-10. 

B-13, F-6, E-2. 

E-4, F-8.* 17th 

F-8, E-8. 19th 

G-2, F-1, G-6.* 20tli 



1st 
3d 
4th 
5th 
6th 
7th 
10th 
16th 



Cav. 
Reg, 



MAINE. - Union. 

3d Gregg, 2d Gregg, Pleasonton, 

2d Ward, 1st Birney, 3d Sickles, 

2d Ward, 1st Birney, 3d Sickles, 

2d Bartlett, 3d Wheaton, 6th Sedgwick, 
3d Russell, 1st Wright, 
.3d Neill, 2d Howe, 

(Three Companies at 12th Corps Headquarters.) 

1st Paul, 2d Robinson, 1st Newton, 

3d DeTrobriand, 1st Birney, 3d Sickles, 

1st Harrow, 2d Gibbon, 2d Hancock, 

3d Vincent, 1st Barnes, 5th Sykes, 



MARYLAND. 
* 1st Cav. 1st Jlclntosh, 2d Gregg, rieasonton, 

E.18, G-14.* 1st Bat. (Con.) SteiKirt, Johnson, Ewell, 

G-14, F-15.* 1st P.H.B.Vols. 2d Lockwood, 1st Ruger, 12th Williams, 
G-H, F-15.* 1st E. S Vols. 2d Lockwood, 1st Ruger, 12th Williams, 
F-14.* .3d Reg. 1st JIcDougall, 1st Ruger, 

Co. A., Purnell Legion, Gregg, Pleasonton, 

Mcintosh. 

MASSACHUSETTS. — Union. 





1st Cav. 


1st Mcintosh, 


2d Gregg, 


Pleasonton, 


E-10.* 


1st Shar 


p-shooters, 


2d Gibbon, 


2d Hancock, 


* 


2d Sharp- 


shooters attached to the 22d Reg. 




E-8, F.8.* 


1st Reg. 


1st Carr, 


2d Humphreys, 


3d Sickles, 


G 14.* 


2d " 


3d Colgrove, 


1st Ruger, 


12th Williams, 


G-5, F.9.* 


7th " 


2d Bustis, 


3d Wheaton, 


6th Sedgwick, 


F-2.* 


9th " 


2d Sweitzer, 


1st Barnes, 


5th Sykes, 


G-5, F.9.* 


10th " 


2d Eustis, 


3d Wheaton, 


6th Sedgwick, 


E-8, F-8.* 


11th " 


1st Carr, 


2d Humphreys, 


3d Sickles, 


B13, F-7, E-12.* 


12th " 


2d Baxter, 


2d Robinson, 


1st Newton, 


B-13, F-6, E-ll.* 


1.3th '• 


1st Paul, 


" 


" 


E-9, F-8.* 


15th " 


1st Harrow, 


2d Gibbon,* 


2d Hancock, 


E.7, F-8.* 


16th " 


1st Carr, 


2d Humplireys, 


3d Sickles, 


E.4, C-3.* 


18th " 


1st Tilton, 


1st Barnes, 


5th Sykes, 


E-7, F-9.* 


19th " 


3d Hall, 


2d (Jibbon, 


2d Hancock, 


F9.* 


20th " 


" 


" 


" 


E-4, G-2.* 


22d " 


1st Tilton, 


1st Barnes, 


5th Sykes, 


E-4, F-7.* 


28th " 


2d Kelly, 


1st Caldwell, 


2d Hancock, 


E-4, G 5.* 


32d " 


2d Sweitzer, 


1st Barnes, 


5th Sykes, 


E-13.» 


33d " 


2d Smith, 


2d Steinwehr, 


11th Howard, 


G-5, G-9.* 


37th " 


2d Eustis, 


3d AVhcaton, 


6th Sedgwick, 



MICHIGAN. — T'NioN. 

1st Cav. 2d Custer, 3d Kilpatrick, Pleasonton, 

5th " " " " 

6th " " " " 

7th " " " " 



* General Gibbon commanded the Second corps, and General Harrow the second divis* 
ion, while General Hancock was in command of the left centre. 



INDEX TO MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS. 



145 



ISOMETRICAL 
DRAWING. 
E-4, F-1.* 

E-4, F-8. 
E-4, F-6. 
F.9.* 

♦ 

G-2, G-5.* 



REG. 

1st Reg, 
3d " 
4th " 
5th " 
7th " 
10th " 



BRIGADE. 



DIVISION. 



B-10, E-14.* --Mth 



, 1st Tilton, 1st Barnes, 

3d De Trobriand, 1st Ward, 

2d Sweitzer, 1st Barnes, 
3d De Trobriand, 1st Ward, 

:{d Hall, 2d Gibbon, 

3d Vincent, 1st Barnes, 

1st Meredith, 1st Wadsworth, 1st Doubleday. 



CORPS. 

5th Sykes, 
3d Siclcles, 
5th Sykes, 
3d Sickles, 
2d Hancock, 
5th Sykes, 



MINNESOTA. — Union. 
F-8. 1st Reg. 1st Harrow, 2d Gibbon, 2d Hancock, 

MISSISSIPPI. — Confederate. 



B-12. 2d Reg. Davis, 



Heth, 



Hill, 



E-11. 


11th " 


" 


" 


" 


D.8. 


12th " 


Posey, 


Anderson, 


" 


DC. 


13th " 


Barksdale, 


McLaics, 


Longstreet, 


D.8. 


16th " 


Posey, 


Anderson, 


Hill, 


D-5. 


irth " 


Burksdale, 


McLaios, 


Longstreet, 


D-5. 


18th " 


" 


" 


" 


D-8. 


19th " 


Posey, 


Anderson, 


Hill, 


D-5. 


21st " 


Barksdale, 


McLaws, 


Longstreet, 


B-12, E-11. 


42d " 


Davis, 


Heth, 


Hill, 


D.8. 


48th " 


Posey, 


Anderson, 


" 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. -Union. 
E-6, E-7.* 2d Reg. 3d Burling, 2d Humphreys, 3d Sickles, 
E-3, F-7.* 5th " 4th Cross, 1st Caldwell, 2d Hancock, 

E-7, F-7.* 12th " 1st Carr, 2d Humphreys, .3d Sickles, 

F-7.* New Hampshire Sharp-sliooters (Berdan's). 



E-1.* 
B-13.* 
C-10.* 

B-13.* 

* 

E-11.* 

B-12, E-14.* 

Detachment 

F-6, E-11.* 

F-2.* 

C-17, E-13.* 

E-7, F-9. 

G-9, 10,^-12.* 

G-2, G-6.* 

C-14, E-12.* 

C-9, 10, H-12.* 



2d Cav. 

4th " 

5th " 

6th " 

8th " 

8th " 

9th " 

10th " 



NEW YORK.— Union. 
2d Huey, 2d Gregg, 

2d Huey, 2d Gregg, 

1st Farnsworth,3d Kilpatrick, 



2d Devin, 1st Buford, 

1st Gamble, 1st Buford, 
1 Company, 

2d Devin, 1st Buford, 

3d Gregg, 2d Gregg, 

10th Bat. 2d Smyth, 3d Hays, 

12th Reg. Companies D and E, 
14th N.Y.S.M. Cutler, Wadsworth, 
15th* (Battalion) Engineer Brigade. 
3.3d " 3d Neill, 2d Howe. 

.39th " .3d Willard, 3d Hays, 
40th " .3d De Trobriand, 1st Birney, 
Oneida Cavalry, General Headquarters. 
4l8t Reg. 1st Von Gilsa, 1st Barlow, 
42d " 3d Hall, 3d Gibbon, 

43d " 3d Neill, '2d Howe, 

44th " 3d Vincent, 1st Barnes, 
45th " 1st Von Arasberg, 3d Schurz, 
4'.tth " .3d Neill, 2d Howe, 



(Detached), 
(Detached), 
Pleasonton, 

Pleasonton, 

11th (Headquarters), 

Pleasonton, 

2d Hancock, 

5th (Headcjuarters), 

Doubleday (84th), 

6th Sedgwick, 
2d Hancock, 
3d Sickles, 

llth Schurz, 
2d Hancock, 
6th Sedgwick, 
5th Sykes, 
llth Howard, 
6th Sedgwick, 



* 50th (with Engineer Brigade). 



146 



INDEX TO MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS. 



ISOMETRIOAL 
URAWIN*;. 

E-4, F-7.* 

C-17, E-Ki.* 

E-5, F.5.* 

C-15, E-12.* 

F-9.* 

F-15.* 

E-4, F 7.* 

F-5.* 

E-4, F 7.* 

E-8, F-C* 

G-5, F 14.* 

E-4, F-7.* 

G-5, F-H.* 

C-17, E i:!.* 

E-4, F-7.* 

E-.3, F-7.* 

E-7, F-7.* 

E-6, F-7.* 

E-6, F-7.* 

E-8, F-7.* 

B-13, E-15.* 

H-12.* 

F-15.* 

B-9, C-10, F-8.* 

F-8.* 

B-13, F-7, E-12.* 

B-12, E-14.* 

F-3, F-8.* 

E-4, F-7.* 

E-11.* 

C-13, F.6, E-11.* 

B-12, E-15.* 

B-13, F-7, E-12.* 

F-15.* 

C-13, F-6, E-11.* 

G-14.* 

F-11.* 

E-11.* 

C-15, E-11.* 

E-7, F-7.* 

G-4.* 

G-5, G-14.* 

F14.* 

F-3, F-8.* 

E-6, ElO.* 

E.6, E-11.* 

D-15, E-12.* 

E-12.* 

F-15.* 

G-2, 3.* 

F-14.* 

F-3.* 

B-12, E-15.* 

F-15.* 



52d Keg. 
54th " 
57th " 
58th " ^ 
.5>.»th " 
COth " 
61st " 
62(1 " 
63d " 
64th " 
6.5th " 
66th " 
67th " 
68th " 
6!)tli " 
70th 1 E.\ 
71st 2d ' 
72d:jd " 
73d 4th " 
74tli 5th ' 
76th Reg 
77tli " 
78th " 
80th " 
82d " 
83d " 
84tli " 
86th " 
88th " 
93d " 
y4tli " 
9.5th " 
97th " 
102d " 
104th " 
107th " 
108th " 
lllth " 
119th " 
120th " 
121st " 
122d " 
12.3(1 " 
124th " 
125th " 
126th " 
l.'Hth " 
136th " 
1.37tli " 
HOtli " 
Hotli " 
H6th " 
H7th " 
HUth " 



BUKiADK. 

, .3d Zook, 
l.st Von Gil.sa, 
3d Zook, 

Id Krzy/auovvski 
3d Hull, 
3d Greene, 
4th Cross, 
3d Nevin, 
2d Kelly, 
4th Brooke, 
1st .Shiiler, 
3d Zook, 
1st Slialer, 
1st Von Gilsa, 
2d Kelly, 

'r. 2d Brewster, 



2d Cutler, 
.3d Neill, 
.3d Greene, 
1st Rowley, 
1st Harrow, 
2d Ba.xter, 
2d Cutler, 
2d Ward, 
2d Kelly, 



DIVISION. ("ORP3. 

Ist Caldwell, 2d Hancock, 

1st Barlow, lltli .Schurz, 

1st Caldwell, 2(1 Hancock, 
3d Schiiinnelfennig, 11th Schurz, 

2d Gibbon, 2d Hancock, 

2d Geary, 12th Williams, 

1st Caldwell, 2d Hancock, 



3d VVheatoii, 
1st Caldwell, 



6th Sedgwick, 
2d Hancock, 



3d Wheaton, 6th .Sedgwick, 
1st Caldwell, 2d Hancock, 
3d Wheaton, 6th Sedgwick, 
1st Barlow, llth Howard, 

1st Caldwell, 2d Hancock, 

2d Humphreys, 3d Sickles, 



1st Wads worth, 
2d Howe, 
2d Geary, 
3d Doubleday, 
2d Gibbon, 
2d Robinson, 
1st Wads worth, 
1st Birney, 
1st Caldwell, 



General Head(}uarters, 

1st Paul, 2d Robinson, 



3d Doubleday, 

6th Sedgwick, 
12th Williams, 
1st Newton, 
2d Hancock, 
Ist Doubleday, 

3d Sickles, 
2d Hancock, 

Ist Doubleday, 



2d Cutler, 
2d Baxter, 
2d Greene, 
1st Paul, 
.3d Colgrove, 
2d Smyth, 
3d Willard, 



1st Wadsworth, 
2d Robinson, 
2d Geary, 
2d Robinson, 
1st Ruger, 
3d Hays, 
.3d Hays, 



2d Krzyzanowski, 3d Schimmelfen 
2d Brewster, 2d Humphreys, 



2d Bartlett, 
1st Shaler, 
3d (ireene, 
2d Ward. 
3d Willard, 



1st Wright, 
3(1 Wheaton, 
1st Uiiger, 
1st Birney, 
3d Hays, 



12th Williams, 
1st Doubleday, 
12th Williams, 
2d Hancock, 

nig, llth Schurz, 
3d Sickles, 
6th Sedgwick, 

12th Williams, 
3d Sickles, 
2d Hancock, 



2d Steinwehr, llth Howard, 



Isf Coster, 

2d Smith, " 

3d (ireene, 2d Geary, 

3d AVeed, 2d Ayres, 

1st McDougun, 1st Rngcr, 

3(1 Weed, 2d Ayres, 

2(1 Cutler, 1st Wadswortli, 

3d Greene, Geary, 



12tli Williams, 
5th Sykes, 
12fh Williams, 
5th Sykes, 
1st Doiibh^iay, 
12th Williams, 



INDEX TO MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS. 



147 



BRIGADE. 



DIVISION. 



ISOMETRICAL 
DRAWING. 

G-13, F-15.* 150th Reg. 2d Lockwood, 12th Williams, 

D-15, E-14.* 154th " 1st Coster, 2d Steinwehr, 11th Howard, 

C-14, E-12.* 157th " VonAmsberg, .3d Schurz, 11th Howard, 
* Sharp-shooters 2d Ward, 1st Birney, 3d Sickles, 



NEW JERSEY. — Union. 
Ist Cav. 1st Mcintosh, 2d Gregg, Pleasonton, 

Company L, 1st Cav. 6th Corps Headquarters 



G.5, r-6. 


* 1st 


Reg. 


1st Torbert, 


1st Wright, 


6th Sedgwick, 


G-5, r-6. 


* 2d 




" 


" 


" 


G-5, F-6. 


* 3d 




" 


" 


" 


G-9. 


* 4th 




Guarding Reserve Ammunition Train 


E.7, F.7. 


* 5th 




3d Burling, 


2d Humphreys, 


3d Sickles, 


E-2, F-7. 


* 6th 




" 


" 


" 


E-5, F-7. 


* 7th 




" 


" 


" 


E.4, F-7. 


* 8th 




" 


" 


<< 


E-7. F-8/ 


* 11th 




1st Carr, 


«• 


•« 


ElO. 


* 12th 




2d Smyth, 


3d Hays, 


2d Hancock, 


G-14. 


* 13th 




3d Colgrove, 


1st Ruger, 


12th Williams, 


G-5, F-6. 


* 15th 




Ist Torbert, 


1st Wright, 


6th Sedgwick, 


F-6. 


* 




1st Brigade 


(Monument) 








NORTH CAROLINA. — Confederate. 


E-18, G-14. 


Ist 


Reg. 


Steuart, 


Johnson, 


Etcell, 


B-14, E-12. 


2d 


" 


liamseur, 


Bodes, 


" 


E-13, F-15. 


2d Bat. 


Daniels, 


" 


" 


E-18, G-14. 


3d 


Reg. 


Steuart, 


Johnson, 


•• 


B-H, E-12. 


4th 


" 


Bamseur, 


Bodes, 


" 


B-13. 


5tli 


" 


Inerson, 


" 


'< 


D-15, E-14. 


6th 


" 


Hoke, 


Early, 


" 


B-10, E-10. 


7th 


" 


Lane, 


Pender, 


Hill, 


B-10, E-11. 


nth 


" 


Pettigrew, 


Heth, 


'« 


B-13. 


12th 


" 


Inerson, 


Bodes, 


Ewell, 


D-9, E-9. 


13th 


" 


Scales, 


Pender, 


Hill, 


B-14, E-12. 


14th 


" 


Bamseur, 


Bodes, 


Ewell, 


D-8, E-9. 


16th 


" 


Scales, 


Pender, 


Hill, 


All, D-10, E-10. 


18th 


" 


Lane, 


" 


" 


B-13. 


20th 


" 


loerson, 


Bodes, 


Ewell, 


D-15, E-14. 


21st 


" 


Hoke, 


Early, 


•• 


D-9, E-9. 


22d 


" 


Scales, 


Pender, 


Hill, 


B-13. 


23d 


" 


Iverson, 


Bodes, 


Etcell, 


B-9, E-11. 


26th 


" 


Pettigrew, 


Heth, 


Hill, 


A-11,E-10. 


28th 


" 


Lane, 


Pender, 


" 


B-H, E-12. 


.30th 


" 


Bamseur, 


Bodes, 


Ewell, 


B-13, r-15. 


32d 


" 


Daniels, 


" 


" 


All, E-10. 


33d 


" 


Lane, 


Pender, 


Hill, 


D-9, E-9. 


34th 


" 


Scales, 


'• 


«« 


B-10, D-10, E-9. 


37th 


" 


Lane, 


" 


<< 


D-9, E-9. 


38th 


" 


Scales, 


•' 


" 


B-13, F-15. 


43d 


" 


Daniels, 


Bodes, 


Ewell, 


B-13, E-15. 


45th 


" 


>' 


" 


" 


B-9, E-ll. 


47th 


" 


Pettigrew, 


Heth, 


Hill, 


B.9, E-10. 


52d 


" 


" 


" 


" 



148 



INDEX TO MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS. 



liKC. 



hui<;ai>I' 



ISOMETHK AI, 
DRAWING. 

B-13, F.15. 5M Rfg. Ijanicls, Roiles, 

D-15, E-14. 5?tli " Hoke, Early, 

B-i:{, Ell. ooth " Duris, Hefh, 



COKPS. 

Ewdl, 
Hill, 



OHIO. — Union. 



Co. A.* 


1st. 


Cav. 




2d Gregg's (He 


adquarters) 


Co. C.* 


1st. 


Cav. 


1st Farnswortli, 


.'id Kilpatrick, 




E-ll, E-13.» 


4th 


Reg. 


1st Carroll, 


:{d Hays, 


2d Hancock, 


F-15.* 


atli 


" 


1st Candy, 


2d Geary, 


12th Williams, 


F-1.5.* 


7th 


" 


" 


" 


" 


E-10.* 


«th 


" 


1st Carroll, 


:!d Hays, 


2d Hancock, 


C-10, i$-i;i.* 


:.'5tli 


" 


2d Ames, 


1st Barlow, 


11th Howard, 


F-lo.* 


29th 


" 


1st Candy, 


2d Geary, 


12tli Williams, 


E-12.* 


.Oijth 


" 


2d Smith, 


2d Steinwelir, 


lltti Howard, 


C-14, E-IJ.* 


(list 


" h 


it Von Amsl)erg, 


;id Schurz, 


" 


r-15.* 


OOtll 


" 


1st ("andy. 


2d Geary, 


12th Williams, 


E-l-^.* 


7-M\ 


" 


2d Smith, 


2d Steinwelir, 


11th Howard, 


C-16, E-i;t.* 


75th 


" 


2<1 Ames, 


1st Barlow, 


" 


Detached.* 


f)th Cav. 


2(1 Huey, 


2d Gregg, 


Pleasonton, 


C-15, E-ll.* 


82d 


" 


2d Krzyzauowski, :id Schimmt 


'Ifennig, 11th Schurz, 


C-16, E-ia.* 


107th Reg. 


2d Ames, 


1st Barlow, 


nth Howard, 



El. 
E-ll. 



B-14. 

E-1.' 

B-13, r-7, E-ll. 

G-5, F-H. 

E-8, F-S.^ 

D.15, E-12. 

F-l.-i. 

V-H: 

F-h: 

G-6, HI. 

E-4, F-7. 

B-12, E.15. 

E-6, r-8. 

G-9, 10, H-12. 

E-4, F-5. 

E-C), F-8. 

E-G, F.8.^ 

E-9.' 

E-9, 10. 

F-t».' 

D.13, E-12. 



l9t Cav. 

1st " 

2d " 

3d " 

4th " 

6th " 

6th (Co. 

8th Cav. 

• 16th " 

17th " 

18th «' 

nth Reg 
23d 

26th " 

27th " 

28th " 

2!tth " 

46th " 

4m h " 
o3d 

56th " 

57th " 

61st " 

62d " 

63d " 

68th " 

09th " 

71st " 

72d " 

73d " 



PENNSYLVANIA. -Union. 

1st Mcintosh, 2d Gregg, General Headquarters, 
Co. H. 6th Corps Headquarters 
General Headcjuarters. 

1st Mcintosh, Gregg, Pleasonton, 
.3d Gregg, 

Merritt, .3d Kilpatrick " 
; & I) General Headquarters. 

2d Huey, 2d Gregg, (Detached), 

3d Gregg, " Pleasonton, 

2d Devin, 1st Buford, " 

1st Farnsworth,3d Kilpatrick, " 



2d Baxter, 

1st .Shaler, 

1st Carr, 

1st Coster, 

1st Candy, 

2d Kane, " 

1st McDougall, 1st Ruger, 



2d Robinson, 
3d Wheaton, 
2d Humphreys, 
2d Steinwelir, 
2d Geary, 



3d Russell, 
4th Brooke, 
2d Cutler, 
1st Graham, 
3d Neill, 
2d Sweitzer, 
1st (iraham, 

2d AVebb, 



1st Wright, 
1st Caldwell, 
1st Wadsworth, 
1st Birney, 
2d Howe, 
1st Barnes, 
1st Birney, 

2d Gibbon, 



1st Doubleday, 
6th .Sedgwick, 
3d Sickles, 
nth Howard, 
12th Williams, 



6th Sedgwick, 
2d Hancock, 
1st Doubleday, 
3d Sickles, 
6th Sedgwick, 
5th Sykes, 
3d Sickles, 

2d Hancock, 



1st Coster, 2d Steinwehr, lltli Howard, 



INDEX TO MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS. 



149 



ISOMETRICAT. 
DKAWINO. 
C-H, E-12. 
C-15, E-12. 
E-7, F-?.' 
G-o, F-14. 
G-2, G-6. 
(Detached).* 
B-13, F-7, E-12.* 
B-13, F-7, E-12.* 
F-3.* 
F-5.* 
F-5.* 
r-4.* 

r-5.* 

F-3, F-8.* 

F-5.* 

E-6, F-8.* 

E-9, E-13.* 

C-13, F.6, E-11.* 

F-14.* 

E-4, F-8.* 

F-15.* 

E-6.* 

E-4, F-7.* 

E-4, E-7.* 

E-4, F-1.* 

G-6, HI.* 

C-10, F-8.* 

F-15.* 

F-5.* 

E-5, F-7.* 

E-5, F-8.* 

C-10, r-8.* 

B-12, F-8.* 

E-4, re. 

F-15.* 

E-4, F-7.* 

B-11, F-8.* 

B-11, F-8.* 

' B-10, F-8.* 

C-17, E-13.* 

F-3.* 



DIVISION. 



COUPS. 



74th Reg. 

75th " 

81st " 

82d " 

83d " 

^4th " 

88th " 
90th " 

ylst " 
93d " 
95th " 
90th " 
98th " 
99th " 
102d " 
105th " 
106th " 
107th " 
109th " 
110th " 
lUth " 
114th " 
115th " 
116th " 
118th " 
119th " 
121st " 
128th " 
1.39th " 
140th " 
141st " 
142d " 
14.3d " 
145th " 
147th " 
148th " 
149th " 
150th " 
151st " 
1.53d " 
155th " 



1st Von Amsberg, 3d Schimmelfennig, 11th Schurz, 
2d Krzyzanowski, 



1st Cross, 
1st Shaler, 
3d Vincent, 
1st Can-, 
2d Baxter, 



1st Caldwell, 
.3d Wheatou, 
1st Barnes, 
2d Humphreys, 
2d Hobinson, 



3d Weed, 2d Ayres, 

3d Nevin, 3d Wheaton, 

2d Bartlett, " 



3d Nevin, 
2d Ward, 
3d Nevin, 
1st Graham 
2d Webb, 
1st Paul, 
2d Kane, 
3d De Trobi 
2d Kane, 
Graham, 
3d Burling, 
2d Kelley, 
1st Tilton, 
3d Russell, 
1st Biddle, 
1st Candy, 
M Nevin, 
3d Zook, 
1st Graham, 
1st Biddle, 
2d Dana, 
4th Brooke, 
1st Candy, 
1st Cross, 
2d Stone, 



1st Birney, 
3d Wheaton, 

, 1st Birney, 
2d Gibbon, 
2d Robinson, 
2d Geary, 

land, 1st Birney, 
2d Geary, 
Birney, 
2d Humphreys 
1st Caldwell, 
1st Barnes, 
1st Wright, 
3d Rowley, 
2d Geary, 
3d Wheaton, 
1st Caldwell, 
1st Birney, 
3d Rowley, 

1st Caldwell, 
2d Geary, 
1st Caldwell, 
3d Rowley, 



1st Biddle, " 

1st Von Gilsa, 1st Barlow, 
3d Weed, 2d Ayres, 



2d Hancock, 
6th Sedgwick, 
5th Sykes, 
3d Sickles, 
Ist Newton, . 

5th Sykes, 
6th Sedgwick, 



2d Sickles, 
6th Sedgwick, 
3d Sickles, 
2d Hancock, 
1st Newtou, 
12th Williams, 
3d Sickles, 
12th Williams, 
Sickles, 

2d Hancock, 
5th Sykes, 
6tli Sedgwick, 
1st Doubleday, 
12th Williams, 
6th Sedgwick, 
2d Hancock, 
3d Sickles, 
1st Doubleday, 

2d Hancock, 
12th Williams, 
2d Hancock, 
1st Doubleday, 



nth Howard, 
5th Sykes, 



Pennsylvania Reserves. 



F-4, E-3. 


1st Reg. 


1st McCandless, 3d Ci 


F-4, E-3. 


2d " 


" ' 


F-1. 


5th " 


3d Fisher, 


F-5, E-3. 


6th " 


1st McCandless, ' 


G-2.* 


9th " 


.3d Fisher, ' 


G-2.* 


10th " 


" ' 


F-4, E-3. 


nth " 


3d Fisher 


Fl. 


12th " 


" 


P-4, E-3. 


1st Rifles, 


Ist McCandless (13th) 



5th Sykes, 



150 



INDEX TO ^IIIJTARY ORGANIZATIONS. 



ISOMETRICAI. 
DKAWING. 



El. 

El. 

El. 
F-4, G-4. 
F-4, G-4. 
F-4, G-4. 
F-4, G-4. 
F-4, G-4. 
F-4, G-4. 
F-3, G-4. 11th 
F-4, G-4. 12th 
F-3, G-4. Hth 
F-3, G-4. 17th 
8th 



RKG. BRIGAI>K. DIVISION. 

REGULARS. — Union. 
1st Cav. Merritt, 3d Kilpatrick, 

2d " 

5th " " 6th (detached) " 

2d Reg. 2d Burbank, 2d Ayres, 



Pleasouton, 



6th Sykes, 



3d 
4th 
6th 
7th 
10th 



1st Day, 



2d Burbank, 



1st Day, 

2d Burbank, 
(Detached) 



RHODE ISLAND. -Union. 

G-5, F-9.* 2d Reg. .3d Eustis, 3d Wheaton, 6th Sedgwick, 

SOUTH CAROLINA. — CONFEDKR ATE. 



D-10, Ell. 


1st Reg. 


McGowan, 


Pender, 


Hill, 


D.4. 


2d " 


Kershaw, 


McLaws, 


Longstreet, 


D-4. 


3d == 


" 


" 


" 


D4. 


7th " 


" 


" 


" 


D-4. 


8th '• 


" 


" 


" 


D-10, E-12. 


12th " 


AfcGoioan, 


Pender, 


Hill, 


D-10, Ell. 


1.3th " 


" 


" 


" 


D-10, E-ll. 


Hth " 


" 


" 


" 


D-4. 


loth " 


Kershaw, 


McLaws, 


Longstreet, 


D-10, Ell. 


Orr's Rifle 


IS, McGowan, 
TENNESSEE 


Pender, 
.—Confederate 


Hill. 


B-10, E-10. 


1st Reg. 


Archer, 


Heth, 


Hill, 


B-11, E-10. 


7th " 


" 


" 


" 


B-11, E-10. 


Hth " 


TEXAS.— 


Confederate. 




D-2, E-2. 


1st Reg. 


Robertson, 


Hood, 


Longstreet, 


D-1, E-2. 


4th " 


" 


" 


" 


D-1, r-2. 


5th " 


" 


" 


" 



United States Sharp-shooters. 
1st Reg. 2d Ward, 1st Birney, 3d Sickles, 

2d " 



E-1. 

G-1, 

G-1. 

G-1. 

G-1. 

G-1. 
(Detached). 

F-8. 

F-8, F-7. 

(Detached). 

E.7. 



1st Cav. 
2d Reg. 
3d " 
4th " 
5th " 
6th " 
12th " 
1.3th " 
Hth " 
15th " 
16th " 



VERMONT. — Union. 
1st Farnsworth, .3d Kilpatrick, Pleasonton, 
2d Grant, 2d Howe, 6th Sedgwick, 



3d Stannard, 3d Doubleday, 1st Newton, 



INDEX TO MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS. 



151 



ISOMKTKICAL 
^>KA\VIN(J. - 


UEG. 


nUTUADE. 


DIVISION. 


COUP.S. 








VIRGINIA 


. — COXKKDKKATK. 




El). 


1st 


Reg. 


h'emper. 


Pickett, 


Longstreet, 


ii-lH, F1.5. 


2d 




Walker, 


Johnson, 


Ewcll, 


K-l>. 


3d 




Kemper, 


Pickett, 


Longstreet, 


(MS, K-la. 


•ith 




Walker, 


Johnson, 


Eirell, 


G-18, F-lo. 


oth 




" 


" 


" 


D-S. 


6th 




Malione, 


Anderson, 


/fill. 


E-'J. 


7th 




Kemper, 


Piclcett, 


Longstreet, 


E-9. 


'.(th 




Armistead, 


" 


" 


E-18, G-U. 


10th 




Sfeuart, 


Johnson, 


Ewetl, 


E-8. 


Itth 




Kemper, 


Pickett, 


Longstreet, 


D.7. 


r2th 




Mahone, 


Anderson, 


Hill, 


E.9. 


Htli 




Armisteail , 


Pickett, 


Longstreet, 


D-8. 


16th 




Mahone, 


Anderson, 


Hill, 


B-10, E-10. 


22d Bat. 


Rrockenboro 


ugh, Heth, 


" 


F-15. 


21st 


Keg. 


Jones, 


Johnson, 


Eirell, 


E-18, G-H. 


23d 


Bat. 


Stetuirt, 


" 


" 


E-8. 


24tli 


Reg. 


Kemper, 


Pickett, 


Longstreet, 


D-IS, F-lo. 


25th 


" 


JotieSf 


Johnson, 


Eli-ell, 


G 18, E-lo. 


27th 


" 


Walker, 


" 


" 


C-18, F-15. 


31st 


" 


Smith, 


Early, 


" 


G-18, F-15. 


33d 


" 


Walker, 


Johnson, 


" 




37th 


" 


Steiuirt, 


Johnson, 


Ewell, 


B-9. 


.38th 


" 


Armistead, 


Pickett, 


Longalreet, 


15-10, E-10. 


40th 


" 


lirockenhorough, Ileth, 


Hill, 


D-7. 


41st 


» 


Mahone, 


Anderson, 


Hill 


D-11, F-15. 


42d 




Jones, 


Johnson. 


Ewell, 


D 18, F-15. 


44th 




" 


" 


" 


D-7. 


47th Reg. 


Brockenhnroufih, Andersmi, 


//(•//, ■ 


D-11, F-15. 


48th 


" 


Jones, 


Johnson, 


Ewell, 


C-18, F-15. 


49th 


" 


Smith, 


Early, 


" 


D-18, E-15. 


50th 


" 


Jones, 


Johnson, 


" 


C-18, F-15. 


52d 


" 


" 


" 




E-9. 


53d 


" 


Armistead, 


Pickett, 


Longstreet, 


B-11, E-II. 


55th 


" 


Brockenho rough, Heth, 


Hill, 


E-9. 


57th 


" 


Armistead, 


Pickett, 


Longstreet, 


D-8. 


61st 


" 


Mahone, 


Anderson, 


Hill, 



WF;ST VIRGINIA. -Uniox. 

E-1. 1st Cav. 1st Farusworth, 3d Kilpatrick, Plea«onton, 

Ell, E-13. 7th Reg. 1st Carroll, .3d Hays, 2d H:iinock, 

2 Cos. .3d Cav. Devin, Buford, IMeasoiiton. 



WI.SCONSIN. — Uniox. 



Bll, E-H.* 


2d Reg. 


1st Jlcreditli, 


1st Wadsworth, 


1st Doubleday, 


G-13.* 


.3d " 


3d Colgrove, 


1st Ruger, 


I'.'tli Williams, 


G-f), H-1.* 


5th " 


.3d Russell, 


1st Wright, 


611i Sedgwick, 


B-12, E-14.* 


6th " 


1st Mereditli, 


1st Wadsworth, 


1st Doubleday, 


B-12, E 14.* 


7th " 


" 


" 


" 



C-15, E-1 2.* 26th 



2d Krzyzanowski, 3d .Schimmelfennig, 11th Schurz, 



* Wisconsin Sharp-shooters (Berdan's). 





M 



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